9 peer-reviewed papers by key contributors:

• offer a chronology of developments regarding thelow-temperature rheological techniques and specifications thatapply to the low-temperature cranking and pumping characteristicsof engine oils;

• focus on the technological changes that have occurred sincethe completion of the last round of low-temperature engine andbench test studies

• and bring to light new information that will help determinewhether the cranking,starting, and pumping needs of present-dayengines are adequatelyserved.