These reference radiographs may be used as a means for establishing the types and severity levels of discontinuities that are revealed by radiographic examination of steel fusion welds.
Each volume contains illustrations of representative graded and ungraded discontinuities applicable to seven thickness ranges, as shown in Table 1. Table 2 lists the discontinuity types and severities illustrated for each thickness of base material. Each of the graded discontinuity types has five severity levels, 1 through 5 in order of increasing severity. The ungraded discontinuities are included for informational purposes.
These reference radiographs may be used in contractual specifications, for which agreement has been reached between purchaser and supplier, to establish acceptance limits of the types and severity levels of discontinuities revealed by radiographic examination.
The use of this document is not intended to be restricted to the specific energy levels given in Table 3 or to the thickness limits given in Table 1. This document may be used, where there is no other applicable document, for other energy levels or thicknesses, or both, for which it is found to be applicable and for which agreement has been reached between purchaser and manufacturer.
Illustration Thickness, in. (mm) | Base Material Thickness Range, in. (mm)A |
---|---|
Vol I | |
0.030 (0.8) | to and including 0.050 (1.2) |
0.080 (2.0) | over 0.050 (1.2) to and including 1/8 (3.2) |
3/16 (4.8) | over 1/8 (3.2) to and including ¼ (6.4) |
Vol II | |
3/8 (9.5) | over ¼ (6.4) to and including ½ (13) |
¾ (19) | over ½ (13) to and including 1½ (38) |
2 (51) | over 1½ (38) to and including 3 (76) |
Vol III | |
5 (127) | over 3.0 (76) to and including 8 (203) |
A In the special cases of joining two members of unequal thickness, the standard applicable to the thinner member shall be used.
TABLE 2 Types of Discontinuities Illustrated for Each Thickness of Base Material
Discontinuity Type | Base Material Thickness and Grading, in. (mm) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.030 (0.8) | 0.080 (2.0) | 3/16 (4.8) | 3/8 (9.5) | ¾ (19) | 2 (51) | 5 (127) | |
Scattered porosity | Grade 1–5 | ||||||
Fine scattered porosity | Grade 1–5 | Grade 1–5 | Grade 1–5 | Grade 1–5 | Grade 1–5 | Grade 1–5 | |
Coarse scattered porosity | Grade 1–5 | Grade 1–5 | Grade 1–5 | Grade 1–5 | Grade 1–5 | Grade 1–5 | |
Clustered porosity | Grade 1–5 | Grade 1–5 | Grade 1–5 | Grade 1–5 | Grade 1–5 | Grade 1–5 | Grade 1–5 |
Linear porosity (globular indications)A | ungraded | Grade 1–5 | Grade 1–5 | Grade 1–5 | Grade 1–5 | Grade 1–5 | Grade 1–5 |
Slag inclusions | Grade 1–5 | Grade 1–5 | Grade 1–5 | Grade 1–5 | Grade 1–5 | Grade 1–5 | |
Tungsten inclusions | Grade 1–5 | Grade 1–5 | Grade 1–5 | Grade 1–5 | Grade 1–5 | ungraded | |
Incomplete penetration | ungraded | Grade 1–5 | Grade 1–5 | Grade 1–5 | Grade 1–5 | Grade 1–5 | |
Lack of fusion | ungraded | Grade 1–5 | Grade 1–5 | Grade 1–5 | Grade 1–5 | Grade 1–5 | |
Elongated or worm hole porosity | ungraded | ungraded | ungraded | ungraded | ungraded | ||
Burn through | ungraded | ungraded | ungraded | ungraded | ungraded | ||
Icicles (teardrops) | ungraded | ungraded | ungraded | ungraded | ungraded | ||
Longitudinal crack | ungraded | ungraded | ungraded | ungraded | ungraded | ungraded | |
Transverse crack | ungraded | ungraded | ungraded | ungraded | ungraded | ungraded | |
Crater crack | ungraded | ungraded | ungraded | ungraded | ungraded | ||
Undercut | ungraded | ungraded | ungraded | ungraded | ungraded |
A The severity of linear porosity (globular indications) should be judged by their length and clustering rather than by their optical density.
TABLE 3 Radiographic TechniqueA
Base Material Thickness, in. (mm) | kVp | mA | Timers | Source-to- Film Dis- tance, in. | Screens in Cassettes | Film Type ASTM E94B |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vol I | ||||||
0.030 (0.8) | 90 | 10 | 180–210 | 48 | none | 1 |
0.080 (2.0) | 120 | 10 | 150–210 | 48 | none | 1 |
3/16 (4.8) | 150 | 10 | 180–270 | 48 | 0.005 in. Pb front | 1 |
0.010 in. Pb back | ||||||
Vol II | ||||||
3/8 (9.5) | 175 | 10 | 175–200 | 48 | 0.005 in. Pb front | C |
0.010 in. Pb back | ||||||
¾ (19) | 250 | 10 | 43–65 | 60 | 0.005 in. Pb front | 1 |
0.010 in. Pb back | ||||||
2 (51) | 2000 or 60CoD | 1.5 | 45–53 | 108 | 0.005 in. Pb front | 1 |
0.010 in. Pb back | ||||||
Vol III | ||||||
5 (127) | 2000 or 60CoD | 1.5 | 420–450 | 108 | 1 |
A All films were processed by automatic film processors.
B ASTM Guide E94.
C Not defined in Guide E94; manufacturers' description is
D These reference radiographs were made with 60Co.
Область применения1.1 This standard provides reference radiographs for steel fusion welds that contain typical discontinuities with varying severity levels in different thicknesses of material. The reference radiograph films are an adjunct to this standard and must be purchased separately from ASTM International if needed.
1.2 There are three volumes of reference radiographs based on seven nominal weld thicknesses as follows:
Vol I
Vol II
Vol III
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.