Значение и использование

This practice is useful for detecting and identifying (or determining the absence of) 90 chemicals with relatively high fluorescence yields (see Table 1). Most commonly, this practice will be useful for distinguishing single fluorescent chemicals in solution, simple mixtures or single fluorescing chemicals in the presence of other nonfluorescing chemicals. Chemicals with high fluorescence yields tend to have aromatic rings, some heterocyclic rings or extended conjugated double-bond systems. Typical chemicals included on this list include aromatics, substituted aromatics such as phenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH's), some pesticides such as DDT, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's), some heterocyclics, and some esters, organic acids, and ketones.

TABLE 1 Summary of Experimental Parameters and Results

ChemicalCodeConcentra-
tions, ppmSolventλ_exc, nm, nmNumber
of PeaksWHM,
nmShoulder
NumberDetection
Limit
(DL), ppmλ _DL, nmComments AcenaphtheneACN1.03CH290323 4... 30.001290 Acetone ACT227CH2904101... ...212290 AcridineACR96CH285/355386/4224/2...2/0...... ACR9.6ETOH290/355357/415 2/2...1/10.02/0.04290/355 Aniline ANL15.5CH2803161... ...0.037280 AnthraceneATH1.03CH355378 4... 10.001355 ATH1.55ETOH3553804... 10.001355 Aroclor 1242
1254PC4
PC5 131
129CH
CH270
270 317
3172
235
36 1
10.3
2270
270 AtrazineATZ369CH290350 1... ...300290 AzinphosmethylAZP112CH350410 260 ...10350 AZP122ETOH340420280 ...4 340 Benz(a)anthraceneBAT1.1CH280386 4... 10.003280 Benzene BNZ79CH250279324 12/4 250/265 BenzonitrileBZN9.9CH260287 228 10.1/0.1260/270 Benzo(a)pyreneBAP0.088CH370405 6... 20.002370 Benzyl alcoholBAL99CH250284 227 10.1/0.1250/260 Benzyl amineBZM118CH250283 127 23/2 250/260 Benzyl triethylam-
monium chlorideBMA210H₂O250 2801 28...59250 Bisphenol ABPA10.5ETOH270304 130 10.04/0.02270/285 Brucine BRU13.5ETOH280327156 ...2/2280/295 O-tert-ButylphenolBOP21CH265295 130 10.1/0.1265/275 p-tert-ButylphenolBTP17.5CH260295 131 10.6/0.4260/280 CarbarylCBY1.0CH285335 236 20.01285 Carnauba waxWCA63.5CH260310 164 ...42260 Castor oilOCA390ETOH290328 143 220 290 OCA286CH280/320...1... ...180/300280/320 CatecholCTC8.7H₂O 265310146...0.4/0.2265/280 4-ChloroanilineCAP17.2CH290328 136 10.2 290 1-ChloronaphthaleneCNA11.3CH290328 334 40.1 290 p-ChlorophenolCPN101CH260305 130 ...1/0.1260/285 Chlorpyrifos (Duraban)DUR25.3CH 280326152...1/0.5280/295 p-ChlorotolueneCTN23.8CH265288 129 31/0.8265/275 p-Chloro-o-toluidineCOT25CH290328 139 10.09300 ChryseneCRY1.0CH270383 5... ...0.002270 Coconut oilOCC286CH290330 .........100290 Cod liver oilOCL323CH260/280
330320/320
5001/1
1 150...260,140
65260,280
330 Copper naphthenateCNN98CH260326 160 33/1 260/280 Cottonseed oilOCS305CH280/320320/380.........165,300280,320 CoumaphosCOU11.4CH320377 174 ...0.3320 o-CresolCRO12.0CH265293 130 10.04280 p-CresolCRP10.3CH265299 130 ...0.03280 Cumene CUM101CH250283228 13 250 p-CymeneCMP11.8CH260285 128 20.4/0.2260/270 DDD DDD61.0CH240294130 24 240 DDT DDT87CH245291228 27 245 1,2,5,6-DibenzanthraceneDBA0.015CH 3003964...20.001300 Dicamba DIC22.2H₂O310420 170 ...0.9310 DichlorobenilDIB108CH285312 130 ...0.6285 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy-
acetic acidDCA159CH2703101 461 30270 DiethylbenzeneDEB100CH255283 128 20.2/0.1255/270 Diethylene glycolDEG202CH265310 2... ...202265 DiethylphthalateDEP145/289CH260/280300/3201/1.........280 2,4-DimethylphenolDMH10.5CH265300 131 10.2/0.04265/280 3,5-DimethylphenolDPM10.5CH265295 128 10.07/0.03265/280 DiphenylamineDAM11.2
1.2CH
CH 290
290333
3331
1 37
372
2...
... 290
290photochemical change DiphenyldichlorosilaneDDS157CH 260285230...3/2260/270 Diquat dibromideDQD35.5H₂O 31034814110.055310 DodecylbenzeneDDB116CH250285 330 ...* 250* strong impurity 116 CH220285330...13.6220 Dowtherm ADTH10.8CH260305 233 20.035260 EthylbenzeneETB103CH250283 226 ...3.1/1.5250/260 FluorantheneFLA1.0CH360465 291 30.005360 Gallic acidGLA103H₂O 290346177...0.70290 HydroquinoneHDQ1.1H₂O 29032613810.025290 Indene IND175CH260309232 30.12260 Lard OLD340CH270330...... ......270 OLD287CH2803301... ......280 Linseed oilOLS355CH300418 1105 ...32300 MethoxychlorMOC95CH270299 130 11.3/0.8270,280 MethylanilineMAN10.8CH290325 135 ...0.01290 Methyl isobutyl
ketoneMIK 358CH2904001...... ...290 Methyl styreneMSR105CH255307 135 20.12255 NaphthaleneNPT10.5CH280323 224 30.02280 1-NaphthylamineNAD1.85CH325377 155 10.0012325 Nonyl phenolNNP17.1CH265298 128 ...0.09265 Olive oilOOL237CH260320 1... ......360 OOL290CH310......... ......310 Palm oilOPM300CH260320 160 ...218260 CH3505001140...300350 Peanut oilOPN249CH260,290120,3201............ Phenol PHN11.9CH265288130 20.011/0.007265/275 Phenyl etherDPE20.4CH265291 136 10.10265 Phthalic acidPHA97H₂O 2803301100...84280 PHA228H₂O270340 1100 ...114270 PiperazinePPZ235CH280350 1... ......... Polyethoxylated non-
ylphenolPEN 9.5CH265297130... 0.08/0.03
17265/280 PyrogallolPGA152H₂O 270335186130270 QuinolineQNL113ETOH275321 5... 2... ...photolyzes 113 ETOH 355 420 1 70 0 ... ... photolyzes 95 CH 275 336 3 ... 2 0.37 275photolyzes 95 CH 350 ... 2 57 1 ... ... ResorcinolRSC10.1H₂O 26530313910.135/0.05265/280 Salicylic acidSLA1.5H₂O 300409164...0.005300 Sodium dodecylben-
zenesulfonateSDB 90CH 29034715220.90290 Soya bean oilOSB290CH270,320... .........0.300270,320 Styrene STY1.1CH270306232 20.03270 Tanaic acidTNA13H₂O 2803401100...0.63280 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-
naphthaleneTHN 12.3CH2602841272 0.21/0.13260/270 p-ToluidineTLI14.1CH290325 134 ...0.03290 Toluene TOL107CH250284227 12.1/1.6250/215 p-Toluene sulfonic acidTAP120H₂O2602851281 2.1/1.5260/265 TricresylphosphateTCP123CH260288 166 10.55/0.35260/270 1,3,5-TriethylbenzeneTEB122CH 250292128312.5/1.5250/270 TurpentiveTPT301CH260283 134 331/13260/270 UndecylbenzeneUDB87.3CH250284 233 26.0 250 Uranyl nitrateUAN61.0H₂O 29052035626.1/10.5290/330 m-XyleneXLM114CH260285 128 12.0/1.4260/270 o-XyleneXLO92CH260285 130 ...1.5/1.3260/270

With appropriate separatory techniques (HPLC, TLC, and column chromatography) and in some cases, special detection techniques (OMA's and diode arrays), this practice can be used to determine these 90 chemicals even in complex mixtures containing a number of other fluorescing chemicals. With the use of appropriate excitation and emission wavelengths and prior generation of calibration curves, this practice could be used for quantitation of these chemicals over a broad linear range.

Fluorescence is appropriately a trace technique and at higher concentrations (greater than 10 to 100 ppm) spectral distortions usually due to self-absorption, or inner-filter effects but sometimes ascribed to fluorescence quenching, may be observed. These effects can usually be eliminated by diluting the solution. Detection limits can be lowered following identification by using broader slit widths, but this may result in spectral broadening and distortion.

This practice assumes the use of a corrected spectrofluorometer (that is, one capable of producing corrected fluorescence spectra). On an uncorrected instrument, peak shifts and spectral distortions and changes in peak ratios may be noted. An uncorrected spectrofluorometer can also be used if appropriate data is generated on the instrument to be used.

Область применения

1.1 This practice allows for the identification of 90 chemicals that may be found in water or in surface layers on water. This practice is based on the use of room-temperature fluorescence spectra taken from lists developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Coast Guard (1). Ref (1) is the primary source for these spectra. This practice is also based on the assumption that such chemicals are either present in aqueous solution or are extracted from water into an appropriate solvent.

1.2 Although many organic chemicals containing aromatic rings, heterocyclic rings, or extended conjugated double-bond systems have appreciable quantum yields of fluorescence, this practice is designed only for the specific compounds listed. If present in complex mixtures, preseparation by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), column chromatography, or thin-layer chromatography (TLC) would probably be required.

1.3 If used with HPLC, this practice could be used for the identification of fluorescence spectra generated by optical multichannel analyzers (OMA) or diode-array detectors.

1.4 For simple mixtures, or in the presence of other nonfluorescing chemicals, separatory techniques might not be required. The excitation and emission maximum wavelengths listed in this practice could be used with standard fluorescence techniques (Refs 2-6) to quantitate these ninety chemicals once identification had been established. For such uses, generation of a calibration curve, to determine the linear range for use of fluorescence quantitation would be required for each chemical. Examination of solvent blanks to subtract or eliminate any fluorescence background would probably be required.

1.5 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.