Значение и использование

These are accelerated engine oil tests (known as the 1K and 1N test procedures), performed in a standardized, calibrated, stationary single-cylinder diesel engine using either mass fraction 0.4 % sulfur fuel (1K test) or mass fraction 0.04 % sulfur fuel (1N test), that give a measure of (1) piston and ring groove deposit forming tendency, (2) piston, ring and liner scuffing and (3) oil consumption.

The 1K test was correlated with vehicles equipped with certain multi-cylinder direct injection engines used in heavy duty and high speed service prior to 1989, particularly with respect to aluminum piston deposits, and oil consumption, when fuel sulfur was nominally mass fraction 0.4 %. These data are given in Research Report D02-1273.

The 1N test has been used to predict piston deposit formation in four-stroke cycle, direct injection, diesel engines that have been calibrated to meet 1994 U.S. federal exhaust emission requirements for heavy-duty engines operated on fuel containing less than mass fraction 0.05 % sulfur. See Research Report D02-1321.

These test methods are used in the establishment of diesel engine oil specification requirements as cited in Specification D4485 for appropriate API Performance Category oils (API 1509).

These test methods are also used in diesel engine oil development.

Область применения

1.1 These test methods cover the performance of engine oils intended for use in certain diesel engines. They are performed in a standardized high-speed, single-cylinder diesel engine by either the 1K (0.4 % mass fuel sulfur) or 1N (0.04 % mass fuel sulfur) procedure. The only difference in the two test methods is the fuel used. Piston and ring groove deposit-forming tendency and oil consumption are measured. Also, the piston, the rings, and the liner are examined for distress and the rings for mobility. These test methods are required to evaluate oils intended to satisfy API service categories CF-4 and CH-4 for 1K, and CG-4 for 1N of Specification D4485.

1.2 These test methods, although based on the original Caterpillar 1K/1N procedures, also embody TMC information letters issued before these test methods were first published. These test methods are subject to frequent change. Until the next revision of these test methods, TMC will update changes in these test methods by the issuance of information letters which shall be obtained from TMC (see Annex A15).

1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.

1.3.1 Exception—Where there is no direct SI equivalent such as screw threads, national pipe threads/diameters, tubing size, or single source equipment specified. Also Brake Specific Fuel Consumption is measured in kilograms per kilowatthour.

1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements appear throughout the text. Being engine tests, these test methods do have definite hazards that shall be met by safe practices (see Annex A16 on Safety Precautions).

1.5 The following is the Table of Contents:

Section Introduction Scope1 Referenced documents2 Terminology3 Summary of Test Methods4 Significance and Use5 Apparatus6 General Laboratory Requirements6.1 Test Engine6.2 Test Engine Accessories and Parts6.3 Reagents and Materials7 Test Oil Sample Requirements8 Preparation of Apparatus 9 Engine Inspection9.1 Engine Pre-Test Lubrication System Flush9.2 Engine Pre-Test Measurements and Inspections9.3 Engine Assembly9.4 Pressure Testing of Fuel System Assembly9.5 Calibration of Engine Test Stand10 General Requirements and Frequency of Calibration10.1 Runs10.2 Specified Test Parameters10.3 Calibration Test Acceptance Criteria10.4 Action on Rejection of Calibration Test10.5 Test Numbering10.6 Reference Oils10.7 Severity Adjustments10.8 Engine Operating Procedure11 Engine Run-In11.1 Cool-Down Procedure11.2 Warm-Up Procedure11.3 Operating Conditions and Oil Additions11.4 Measurement of Oil Consumption11.5 Sampling Used Oil11.6 Shutdowns, Lost Time and Off Tolerance Conditions11.7 Recording of Exhaust Temperature11.8 Air-Fuel Ratio Measurement11.9 Recording of Engine Conditions11.10 Humidity Requirements/Calibration/Measurement11.11 Inspections, Photographs and Measurements12 Reference to Reporting Form12.1 Pre-Test Measurements of Engine Parts12.2 Post-Test Information12.3 Oil Inspections12.4 Report14 General Directions14.1 Electronic Transmission of Test Results (Optional)14.2 Reporting Calibration Test Results14.3 Precision and Bias15 Keywords16 ANNEXES Specifications for Test Engine and Engine BuildAnnex A1 Intake Air System DetailsAnnex A2 Exhaust System DetailsAnnex A3 Cooling System DetailsAnnex A4 Oil System Modifications and Instrument LocationsAnnex A5 Other Pressure and Temperature Measurement LocationsAnnex A6 Oil Consumption Linear Regression MethodAnnex A7 Test Fuel SpecificationsAnnex A8 Lubrication System, Flush Apparatus and ProcedureAnnex A9 Engine Operating ConditionsAnnex A10 Procedure for Rating Piston and LinerAnnex A11 Calculation of Percent Offset and Percent DeviationAnnex A12 1K/1N Test ReportingAnnex A13 Parts List by Part Number (P/N) and WarrantyAnnex A14 Role of Test Monitoring CenterAnnex A15 Safety PrecautionsAnnex A16 APPENDIXES Humidity DataAppendix X1 Statistical Equations for Mean and Standard DeviationAppendix X2 Examples of Forms for ReportingAppendix X3 Optional Recording of Oil Pass LimitsAppendix X4