3.1 Accurate elemental analyses of samples of petroleum and petroleum products are required for the determination of chemical properties, which are in turn used to establish compliance with commercial and regulatory specifications.
Область применения1.1 This practice covers information relating to sampling, calibration and validation of X-ray fluorescence instruments for elemental analysis, including all kinds of wavelength dispersive (WDXRF) and energy dispersive (EDXRF) techniques. This practice includes sampling issues such as the selection of storage vessels, transportation, and sub-sampling. Treatment, assembly, and handling of technique-specific sample holders and cups are also included. Technique-specific requirements during analytical measurement and validation of measurement for the determination of trace elements in samples of petroleum and petroleum products are described. For sample mixing, refer to Practice D5854. Petroleum products covered in this practice are considered to be a single phase and exhibit Newtonian characteristics at the point of sampling.
1.2 Applicable Test Methods—This practice is applicable to the XRF methods under the jurisdiction of ASTM Subcommittee D02.03 on Elemental Analysis, and those under the jurisdiction of the Energy Institute’s Test Method Standardization Committee (Table 1). Some of these methods are technically equivalent though they may differ in details (Table 2).
TABLE 1 XRF Standard Test Methods for Analysis of Petroleum Products and Lubricants
Technique
Analysis
ASTM
EI
WD-XRF
Sulfur in Petroleum Products
D2622
Additive Elements in Lubricating Oils and Additives
D4927
IP 407
Lead in Gasoline
D5059
IP 228
Lead in Gasoline
IP 489
Sulfur in Gasoline
D6334
Additive Elements in Lube Oils and Additives
D6443
Vanadium and Nickel
IP 433
Sulfur
IP 447
Sulfur in Automotive Fuels
IP 497
Chlorine and Bromine
IP 503
Sulfur in Ethanol as Blending Agent
IP 553
Si, Cr, Ni, Fe, and Cu in Used Greases
IP 560
Several Metals in Burner Fuels Derived from Waste Mineral Oils
IP 593
MWD-XRF
Sulfur in Gasoline and Diesel
D7039
Silicon in Gasoline and Naphtha
D7757
ED-XRF
Sulfur in Petroleum Products
D4294
IP 336
Sulfur in Gasoline
D6445
Additive Elements in Lubricating Oils
D6481
Sulfur in Automotive Fuels
D7212
IP 531
Sulfur in Automotive Fuels
D7220
IP 532
Additive Elements in Lubricating Oils
D7751
Lead in Gasoline
IP 352
Sulfur in Automotive Fuels
IP 496
Low Sulfur in Automotive Fuels
IP 600
TABLE 2 Technically Equivalent XRF Test Methods for Petroleum Products and LubricantsA
Analysis
ASTM
EI
Other
Sulfur by WD-XRF
D2622
DIN 51400T6;
JIS K3541
Additive Elements by WE-XRF
D4927
IP 407
DIN 51391T2
Lead in Gasoline
D5059
IP 228
Sulfur by ED-XRF
D4294
IP 336
ISO 8754
Sulfur in Automotive Fuels
D7212
IP 531
Sulfur in Automotive Fuels
D7220
IP 532
(A) Nadkarni, R. A., Guide to ASTM Test Methods for the Analysis of Petroleum Products and Lubricants, 2nd edition, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2007.
1.3 Applicable Fluids—This practice is applicable to petroleum and petroleum products with vapor pressures at sampling and storage temperatures less than or equal to 101 kPa (14.7 psi). Use Practice D4057 or IP 475 to sample these materials. Refer to Practice D5842 when sampling materials that also require Reid vapor pressure (RVP) determination.
1.4 Non-applicable Fluids—Petroleum products whose vapor pressure at sampling and sample storage conditions are above 101 kPa (14.7 psi) and liquefied gases (that is, LNG, LPG, etc.) are not covered by this practice.
1.5 Sampling Methods—The physical sampling and methods of sampling from a primary source are not covered by this guide. It is assumed that samples covered by this practice are a representative sample of the primary source liquid. Refer to Practice D4057 or IP 475 for detailed sampling procedures.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.6.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.