This practice covers outlying observations in samples and how to test the statistical significance of them. An outlying observation, or outlier, is one that appears to deviate markedly from other members of the sample in which it occurs. In this connection, the following two alternatives are of interest: (i) an outlying observation may be merely an extreme manifestation of the random variability inherent in the data. If this is true, the value should be retained and processed in the same manner as the other observations in the sample. (ii) An outlying observation may be the result of gross deviation from prescribed experimental procedure or an error in calculating or recording the numerical value. In such cases, it may be desirable to institute an investigation to ascertain the reason for the aberrant value. The observation may even actually be rejected as a result of the investigation, though not necessarily so. At any rate, in subsequent data analysis, the outlier or outliers will be recognized as probably being from a different population than that of the other sample values. Recommended criteria and illustrations for single samples including the Dixon criteria which are based entirely on ratios of differences between the observations, criterion using independent standard deviation, and criterion for known standard deviation are presented.

1.1 This practice covers outlying observations in samples and how to test the statistical significance of them. An outlying observation, or "outlier," is one that appears to deviate markedly from other members of the sample in which it occurs. In this connection, the following two alternatives are of interest:

1.1.1 An outlying observation may be merely an extreme manifestation of the random variability inherent in the data. If this is true, the value should be retained and processed in the same manner as the other observations in the sample.

1.1.2 On the other hand, an outlying observation may be the result of gross deviation from prescribed experimental procedure or an error in calculating or recording the numerical value. In such cases, it may be desirable to institute an investigation to ascertain the reason for the aberrant value. The observation may even actually be rejected as a result of the investigation, though not necessarily so. At any rate, in subsequent data analysis the outlier or outliers will be recognized as probably being from a different population than that of the other sample values.

1.2 It is our purpose here to provide statistical rules that will lead the experimenter almost unerringly to look for causes of outliers when they really exist, and hence to decide whether alternative 1.1.1 above, is not the more plausible hypothesis to accept, as compared to alternative 1.1.2, in order that the most appropriate action in further data analysis may be taken. The procedures covered herein apply primarily to the simplest kind of experimental data, that is, replicate measurements of some property of a given material, or observations in a supposedly single random sample. Nevertheless, the tests suggested do cover a wide enough range of cases in practice to have broad utility.