3.1 General: 

3.1.1 The methodology recommended in this guide specifies criteria for validating computational methods and outlines procedures applicable to pressure vessel related neutronics calculations for test and power reactors. The material presented herein is useful for validating computational methodology and for performing neutronics calculations that accompany reactor vessel surveillance dosimetry measurements (see Master Matrix E706 and Practice E853). Briefly, the overall methodology involves: (1) methods-validation calculations based on at least one well-documented benchmark problem, and (2) neutronics calculations for the facility of interest. The neutronics calculations of the facility of interest and of the benchmark problem should be performed consistently, with important modeling parameters kept the same or as similar as is feasible. In particular, the same energy group structure and common broad-group microscopic cross sections should be used for both problems. Further, the benchmark problem should be characteristically similar to the facility of interest. For example, a power reactor benchmark should be utilized for power reactor calculations. Non-power reactors may have special features that may affect pressure vessel fluence and require consideration when developing a benchmark, such as beam tubes, irradiation facilities, and non-core neutron sources. The neutronics calculations involve two tasks: (1) determination of the neutron source distribution in the reactor core by utilizing diffusion theory (or transport theory) calculations in conjunction with reactor power distribution measurements, and (2) performance of a fixed fission rate neutron source (fixed-source) transport theory calculation to determine the neutron fluence rate distribution in the reactor core, through the internals and in the pressure vessel. Some neutronics modeling details for the benchmark, test reactor, or the power reactor calculation will differ; therefore, the procedures described herein are general and apply to each case. (See NUREG/CR-5049, NUREG/CR-1861, NUREG/CR-3318, and NUREG/CR-3319.)

3.1.2 It is expected that transport calculations will be performed whenever pressure vessel surveillance dosimetry data become available and that quantitative comparisons will be performed as prescribed by 3.2.2. All dosimetry data accumulated that are applicable to a particular facility should be included in the comparisons.

3.2 Validation—Prior to performing transport calculations for a particular facility, the computational methods must be validated by comparing results with measurements made on a benchmark experiment. Criteria for establishing a benchmark experiment for the purpose of validating neutronics methodology should include those set forth in Guides E944 and E2006 as well as those prescribed in 3.2.1. A discussion of the limiting accuracy of benchmark validation discrete ordinate radiation transport procedures for the LWR surveillance program is given in Reference (1).4 Reference (2) provides details on the benchmark validation for a Monte Carlo radiation transport code.

3.2.1 Requirements for Benchmarks—In order for a particular experiment to qualify as a calculational benchmark, the following criteria are recommended:

3.2.1.1 Sufficient information must be available to accurately determine the neutron source distribution in the reactor core.

3.2.1.2 Measurements must be reported in at least two ex-core locations, well separated by steel or coolant.

3.2.1.3 Uncertainty estimates should be reported for dosimetry measurements and calculated fluences including calculated exposure parameters and calculated dosimetry activities.

3.2.1.4 Quantitative criteria, consistent with those specified in the methods validation 3.2.2, must be published and demonstrated to be achievable.

3.2.1.5 Differences between measurements and calculations should be consistent with the uncertainty estimates in 3.2.1.3.

3.2.1.6 Results for exposure parameter values of neutron fluence greater than 1 MeV and 0.1 MeV [φ(E > 1 MeV and 0.1 MeV)] and of displacements per atom (dpa) in iron should be reported consistent with Practices E693 and E853.

3.2.1.7 Reaction rates (preferably established relative to neutron fluence standards) must be reported for ²³⁷Np(n,f) or ²³⁸U(n,f), and ⁵⁸Ni(n,p) or ⁵⁴Fe(n,p); additional reactions that aid in spectral characterization, such as provided by Cu, Ti, and Co-Al, should also be included in the benchmark measurements. The ²³⁷Np(n,f) reaction is particularly important because it is sensitive to the same neutron energy region as the iron dpa. Practices E693 and E853 and Guides E844 and E944 discuss this criterion.

3.2.2 Methodology Validation—It is essential that the neutronics methodology employed for predicting neutron fluence in a reactor pressure vessel be validated by accurately predicting appropriate benchmark dosimetry results. In addition, the following documentation should be submitted: (1) convergence study results, and (2) estimates of variances and covariances for fluence rates and reaction rates arising from uncertainties in both the source and geometric modeling. For Monte Carlo calculations, the convergence study results should also include (3) an analysis of the figure-of-merit (FOM) as a function of particles history, and if applicable, (4) the description of the technique utilized to generate the weight window parameters.

3.2.2.1 For example, model specifications for discrete-ordinates method on which convergence studies should be performed include: (1) neutron cross sections or energy group structure, (2) spatial mesh, and (3) angular quadrature. Reference (3) evaluates the effects of many discrete-ordinates parameters individually and in combination and may help guide the analysis. For regions adjacent to the reactor core, one-dimensional calculations may be performed to check the adequacy of group structure and spatial mesh. Two-dimensional calculations should be employed to check the adequacy of the angular quadrature. A P₃ cross section expansion is recommended along with a S₈ minimum quadrature. For regions that are not adjacent to the reactor core, convergence studies for spatial mesh and angular quadrature should apply three-dimensional calculations.

3.2.2.2 Uncertainties that are propagated from known uncertainties in nuclear data should be considered in the analysis. The uncertainty analysis for discrete ordinates codes may be performed with sensitivity analysis as discussed in References (4, 5). In Monte Carlo analysis the uncertainties can be treated by a perturbation analysis as discussed in Reference (6). Appropriate computer programs and covariance data are available and sensitivity data may be obtained as an intermediate step in determining uncertainty estimates.5

3.2.2.3 Effects of known uncertainties in geometry and source distribution should be evaluated based on the following test cases: (1) reference calculation with a time-averaged source distribution and with best estimates of the core and pressure vessel locations, (2) reference case geometry with maximum and minimum expected deviations in the source distribution, and (3) reference case source distribution with maximum expected spatial perturbations of the core, pressure vessel, and other pertinent locations.

3.2.2.4 Measured and calculated integral parameters should be compared for all test cases. It is expected that larger uncertainties are associated with geometry and neutron source specifications than with parameters included in the convergence study. Problems associated with space, energy, and angle discretizations can be identified and corrected. Uncertainties associated with geometry specifications are inherent in the structure tolerances. Calculations based on the expected extremes provide a measure of the sensitivity of integral parameters to the selected variables. Variations in the proposed convergence and uncertainty evaluations are appropriate when the above procedures are inconsistent with the methodology to be validated. As-built data could be used to reduce the uncertainty in geometrical dimensions.

3.2.2.5 In order to illustrate quantitative criteria based on measurements and calculations that should be satisfied, let ψ denote a set of logarithms of calculation (C_i) to measurement (E_i) ratios. Specifically,

where q_i and N are defined implicitly and the w_i are weighting factors. Because some reactions provide a greater response over a spectral region of concern than other reactions, weighting factors may be utilized when their selection method is well documented and adequately defended, such as through a least-squares adjustment method as detailed in Guide E944. In the absence of the use of a least-squares adjustment methodology, the mean of the set q is given by

and the best estimate of the variance, S², is

3.2.2.6 The neutronics methodology is validated if (in addition to qualitative model evaluation) all of the following criteria are satisfied:

(1) The bias, Реферат q Область применения

1.1 Need for Neutronics Calculations—An accurate calculation of the neutron fluence and fluence rate at several locations is essential for the analysis of integral dosimetry measurements and for predicting irradiation damage exposure parameter values in the pressure vessel. Exposure parameter values may be obtained directly from calculations or indirectly from calculations that are adjusted with dosimetry measurements; Guide E944 and Practice E853 define appropriate computational procedures.

1.2 Methodology—Neutronics calculations for application to reactor vessel surveillance encompass three essential areas: (1) validation of methods by comparison of calculations with dosimetry measurements in a benchmark experiment, (2) determination of the neutron source distribution in the reactor core, and (3) calculation of neutron fluence rate at the surveillance position and in the pressure vessel.

1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.