Значение и использование

4.1 The inclusion of the following paragraph, or a suitable equivalent, in any standard (preferably after the section on Scope) is due notification that the apparatus and reagents required in that standard are subject to the recommendations set forth in these practices.

 

“Apparatus and Reagents—Apparatus and reagents required for each determination are listed in separate sections preceding the procedure. Apparatus, standard solutions, and certain other reagents shall conform to the requirements prescribed in ASTM Practices E50, for Apparatus, Reagents, and Safety Considerations for Chemical Analysis of Metals, Ores, and Related Materials.”

 

TABLE 1 Chemical Reagents Specified in ASTM Methods for Chemical Analysis of Metals

Name

Formula

* Acetic acid

CH₃COOH

Acetone

CH₃COCH₃

Acetylacetone (2,4-pentanedione)

CH₃COCH₂COCH₃

Alizarin-Red-S

C₆H₄COC₆H-1,2-(OH)₂-3-SO₃NaCO

Aluminon (aurintricarboxylic acid-ammonium salt)

(4-HOC₆H₃-3-COONH₄)₂C:C₆H-3-(COONH₄):O

Aluminum metal (99.9 % min)

Al

* Aluminum metal (sheet or rolled foil)

Al

Aluminum ammonium sulfate

Al₂(NH₄)₂(SO₄)₄·24H₂O

Aluminum nitrate

Al(NO₃)₃·9H₂O

Aluminum sulfate

Al₂(SO₄)₃·18H₂O

Aluminum oxide, fused (Alundum)

 

1-Amino-2-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid

NH₂C₁₀H₅(OH)SO₃H

Ammonium acetate

CH₃COONH₄

Ammonium benzoate

C₆H₅COONH₄

Ammonium bifluoride

NH₄FHF

Ammonium bisulfate

NH₄HSO₄

Ammonium bisulfite

NH₄HSO₃

Ammonium carbonate

(NH₄)₂CO₃

* Ammonium chloride

NH₄Cl

* Ammonium citrate

CH₂(COONH₄)C(OH)(COOH)CH₂COONH₄

Ammonium fluoride

NH₄F

* Ammonium hydroxide^A

NH₄OH

Ammonium iodide

NH₄I

Ammonium molybdate

(NH₄)₂MoO₄

* Ammonium heptamolybdate tetrahydrate

(NH₄)₆Mo₇O₂₄·4H₂O

Ammonium nitrate

NH₄NO₃

* Ammonium oxalate

NH₄OCOCOONH₄·H₂O

* Ammonium phosphate, dibasic (diammonium acid phosphate)

(NH₄)₂HPO₄

* Ammonium persulfate (ammonium peroxydisulfate)

(NH₄)₂S₂O₈

* Ammonium sulfate

(NH₄)₂SO₄

* Ammonium tartrate

NH₄OCO(CHOH)₂COONH₄

Ammonium thiocyanate

NH₄SCN

Ammonium vanadate

NH₄VO₃

Antimony metal (powder)

Sb

Antimony trichloride

SbCl₃

* Arsenic trioxide

As₂O₃

Asbestos (for use with Gooch crucible)

 

 

 

Barium Chloride

BaCl₂·2H₂O

Barium diphenylamine sulfonate

(C₆H₅NHC₆H₄-4-SO₃)₂Ba

* Benzoic acid

C₆H₅COOH

α-Benzoin oxime (benzoin anti-oxime)

C₆H₅CHOHC:NOHC₆H₅

Beryllium sulfate

BeSO₄·4H₂O

Bismuth metal (99.9 % min)

Bi

Boric acid

H₃BO₃

Bromocresol green (3′,3",5′,5"-tetrabromo-m-cresolsulfonephthalein)

C₆H₄SO₂OC(C₆H-3,5-Br₂-2-CH₃-4-OH)₂

Bromocresol purple (5′,5"-Dibromo-o-cresolsulfonephthalein)

C₆H₄SO₂OC(C₆H₂-3-CH₃-5-Br-4-OH)₂

Bromine (liquid)

Br₂

Bromophenol blue (3′,3",5′,5"-tetrabromophenolsulfonephthalein)

C₆H₄SO₂OC(C₆H₂-3,5-Br₂-4-OH)₂

1-Butanol

CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂OH

Butyl acetate (normal)

CH₃COOCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃

 

 

* Cadmium chloride

CdCl₂·2¹/₂ H₂O

Cadmium chloride, anhydrous

CdCl₂

* † Calcium carbonate (low-boron)

CaCO₃

Carbon dioxide (gas)

CO₂

Carbon dioxide (solid)

CO₂

Carbon tetrachloride

CCl₄

Carminic acid

1,3,4-(HO)₃-2-C₆H₁₁O₆C₆COC₆H-5-COOH-6-OH-8-CH₃CO

* Chloroform

CHCl₃

Cinchonine

C₁₉H₂₂N₂O

Citric acid

HOC(COOH)(CH₂COOH)₂

Cobalt metal

Co

Cobalt sulfate

CoSO₄

Coke

 

Congo red test paper

 

Copper metal (99.9 % min)

Cu

* Copper metal (powder or turnings)

Cu

Copper metal (P-free)

Cu

Copper metal (Mn, Ni, and Co-free, less than 0.001 % of each)

Cu

Copper-rare earth oxide mixture

 

m-Cresol purple (m-cresolsulfonephthalein)

C₆H₄SO₂OC(C₆H₃-2-CH₃-4-OH)₂

Cupferron

C₆H₅N(NO)ONH₄

Cupric chloride

CuCl₂·2H₂O

* Cupric nitrate

Cu(NO₃)₂·3H₂O

* Cupric oxide (powder)

CuO

Cupric potassium chloride

CuCl₂·2KCl·2H₂O

* Cupric sulfate

CuSO₄·5H₂O

Curcumin

(2-CH₃OC₆H₃-1-OH-4-CH:CHCO)₂CH₂

 

 

Devarda's alloy

50Cu-45Al-5Zn

Diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid ([[(carboxymethyl)imino]bis(ethylenenenitrilo)]
 tetraacetic acid)

((HOCOCH₂)₂NCH₂CH₂)₂NCH₂COOH

* Dimethylglyoxime

CH₃C:NOHC:NOHCH₃

N,N′ Diphenylbenzidine

C₆H₅NHC₆H₄C₆H₄NHC₆H₅

Diphenylcarbazide (1,5-diphenylcarbohydrazide)

C₆H₅NHNHCONHNHC₆H₅

* Disodium (ethylenedinitrilo) tetraacetate dihydrate

See (ethylenedinitrilo) tetraacetic acid disodium salt

Dithiol (toluene-3,4-dithiol)

CH₃C₆H₃(SH)₂

Dithizone (diphenylthiocarbazone)

C₆H₅NHNHCSN:NC₆H₅

 

 

Eriochrome black-T (1(1-hydroxy-2-naphthylazo)-6-nitro-2-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid sodium salt)

1-HOC₁₀H₆-2-N:N-1-C₁₀H₄-2-OH-4-SO₃Na-6-NO₂

* EDTA (Disodium salt)

See (ethylenedinitrilo) tetraacetic acid disodium salt

* Ethanol

C₂H₅OH

* Ethyl ether (diethyl ether)

C₂H₅OC₂H₅

* (Ethylenedinitrilo) tetraacetic acid disodium salt

HOCOCH₂(NaOCOCH₂)NCH₂N(CH₂COONa)CH₂COOH·2H₂O

Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (2-methoxy-ethanol)

CH₃OCH₂CH₂OH

 

 

* Ferric chloride

FeCl₃·6H₂O

* Ferric nitrate

Fe(NO₃)₃·9H₂O

Ferric sulfate

Fe₂(SO₄)₃·nH₂O

* Ferrous ammonium sulfate

Fe(NH₄)₂(SO₄)₂·6H₂O

* Ferrous sulfate

FeSO₄·7H₂O

Fluoroboric acid

HBF₄

Fluorescein, sodium salt

2NaOCOC₆H₄C:C₆H₃-3(:O)OC₆H₃-6-ONa

Formaldehyde

HCHO

* Formic acid^A

HCOOH

 

 

Gelatin

 

Graphite

C

Glass wool

 

Glycerol

CH₂OHCHOHCH₂OH

 

 

Hydrazine sulfate

NH₂NH₂·H₂SO₄

* Hydrobromic acid^A

HBr

* Hydrochloric acid^A

HCl

* Hydrofluoric acid^A

HF

Hydrogen chloride gas

HCl

* Hydrogen peroxide

H₂O₂

Hydrogen sulfide gas

H₂S

Hydroquinone

1,4-(OH)₂C₆H₄

* Hydroxylamine hydrochloride

NH₂OH·HCl

* Hypophosphorous acid^B

H₃PO₂

 

 

Invert sugar

 

* Iodine

I₂

Iron metal or wire (99.8 % min)

Fe

Isopropyl ether

(CH₃)₂CHOCH(CH₃)₂

 

 

Lead metal

Pb

* Lead acetate

Pb(CH₃COO)₂

Lead chloride

PbCl₂

* Lead nitrate

Pb(NO₃)₂

Litmus

 

Lithium fluoride

LiF

 

 

Magnesium metal (Sn-free)

Mg

Magnesium perchlorate, anhydrous

Mg(ClO₄)₂

* Magnesium sulfate

MgSO₄·7H₂O

Manganese metal (99.8 % min)

Mn

Manganous nitrate

Mn(NO₃)₂

Manganous sulfate

MnSO₄·H₂O

Mannitol

CH₂OH(CHOH)₄CH₂OH

Marble chips

 

* Mercuric chloride

HgCl₂

* Mercury

Hg

* Methanol

CH₃OH

Methyl isobutyl ketone (4-methyl-2-pentanone)

CH₃COCH₂CH(CH₃)₂

* Methyl orange (p[[p-dimethylamino)phenyl]azo]benzenesulfonic acid sodium salt)

4-NaOSO₂C₆H₄N:NC₆H₄-4-N(CH₃)₂

Methyl purple

formula unknown, patented

* Methyl red (o -[[(p-dimethylamino)phenyl]azo]benzoic acid)

4-(CH₃)₂NC₆H₄N:NC₆H₄-2-COOH

Molybdenum metal (99.8 % min)

Mo

Molybdic acid, anhydride (molybdenum trioxide)

MoO₃

Molybdic acid (ammonium paramolybdate)

Assay: as MoO₃—85 %

Morin, anhydrous (2′,3,4′,7-penta hydroxyflavone)

5,7-(HO)₂C₆H₂ OC(C₆H₃-2,4-(OH)₂):C(OH)CO

 

 

β-Naphthoquinoline (5,6-benzoquinoline)

C₁₀H₆CH:CHCH:N

Neocuproine (2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline)

(CH₃)₂C₁₂H₆N₂·₁₂H₂O

Nickel metal (99.8 % min)

Ni

Nickel metal (sheet)

Ni

Nickelous nitrate

Ni(NO₃)₂·6H₂O

Nickelous sulfate

NiSO₄·6H₂O

* Nitric acid^A

HNO₃

Nitrogen gas (oxygen-free)

N₂

Nitrogen, liquid

N₂

m-Nitrophenol

NO₂C₆H₄OH

1-Nitroso-2-naphthol(α-nitroso-β-naphthol)

NOC₁₀H₆OH

Nitroso-R-salt (1-nitroso-2-naphthol-3,6-disulfonic acid disodium salt)

1-NOC₁₀H₄-2-(OH)-3,6-(SO₃Na)₂

 

 

Osmium tetraoxide

OsO₄

Oxalic acid

(COOH)₂

Oxygen gas

O₂

 

 

* Perchloric acid^A

HClO₄

1,10-Phenanthroline (o -phenanthroline)

CH:CHCH:NC:CCH:CHC:CN:CHCH:CH·H₂O

* Phenolphthalein

C₆H₄COOC(C₆H₄-4-OH)₂

* Phosphoric acid

H₃PO₄

Piperidine

NH(CH₂)₄CH₂

Platinized quartz

 

Platinized silica gel

 

Platinum gauze

Pt

* Potassium biphthalate

1-KOCOC₆H₄-2-COOH

Potassium bisulfate

KHSO₄

* Potassium bromate

KBrO₃

* Potassium bromide

KBr

* Potassium chlorate

KClO₃

* Potassium chloride

KCl

* Potassium chromate

K₂CrO₄

Potassium columbate

4K₂O·3Cb₂O₅·16H₂O

* Potassium cyanide

KCN

* Potassium dichromate

K₂Cr₂O₇

* Potassium ferricyanide

K₃Fe(CN)₆

Potassium ferrocyanide

K₄Fe(CN)₆·3H₂O

* Potassium fluoride

KF·2H₂O

* Potassium hydroxide

KOH

* Potassium iodate

KIO₃

* Potassium iodide

KI

Potassium iodide starch paper

 

* Potassium nitrate

KNO₃

* Potassium m-periodate

KIO₄

* Potassium permanganate

KMnO₄

Potassium persulfate

K₂S₂O₈

Potassium phosphate, monobasic

KH₂PO₄

* Potassium pyrosulfate

K₂S₂O₇

* Potassium sulfate

K₂SO₄

Potassium tantalum fluoride

K₂TaF

Potassium thiocarbonate

K₂CS₃

* Potassium thiocyanate

KSCN

Pyrogallic acid (pyrogallol)

C₆H₃-1,3-(OH)₃

 

 

Quinine sulfate

(C₂₀H₂₄N₂O₂)₂·H₂SO₄·2H₂O

8-Quinolinol (8-hydroxyquinoline)

HOC₆H₃N:CHCH:CH

 

 

Sebacic acid

HOCO(CH₂)₈COOH

Selenium (powder)

Se

Silicon dioxide (silica)

SiO₂

* Silver nitrate

AgNO₃

Soda-lime

 

Soda-mica mineral (CO₂ absorbent)

 

Sodium acetate

CH₃COONa

Sodium arsenite

NaAsO₂

Sodium azide

NaN₃

* Sodium bicarbonate

NaHCO₃

* Sodium bismuthate

NaBiO₃

Sodium bisulfate

see sodium hydrogen sulfate

* Sodium bisulfate, fused

see sodium hydrogen sulfate, fused

Sodium bisulfite

NaHSO₃

* Sodium borate

Na₂B₄O₇·10H₂O

* Sodium carbonate, anhydrous

Na₂CO₃

Sodium chlorate

NaClO₃

Sodium chloride

NaCl

Sodium citrate

HOC(COONa)(CH₂COONa)₂·2H₂O

Sodium cyanide

NaCN

Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate

(C₂H₅)₂NCSSNa·3H₂O

Sodium dimethylglyoximate

CH₃C(:NONa)C(:NONa)CH₃·8H₂O

Sodium diphenylamine sulfonate

C₆H₅NHC₆H₄-4-SO₃Na

Sodium dithionite (hydrosulfite)

Na₂S₂O₄

* Sodium fluoride

NaF

Sodium hydrogen sulfate

NaHSO₄

Sodium hydrogen sulfate, fused

A mixture of Na₂S₂O₇ and NaHSO₄

* Sodium hydroxide

NaOH

Sodium hypophosphite

NaH₂PO₂·H₂O

Sodium molybdate

Na₂MoO₄·2H₂O

Sodium nitrate

NaNO₃

Sodium nitrite

NaNO₂

Sodium oxalate

NaOCOCOONa

Sodium perchlorate

NaClO₄

Sodium peroxide

Na₂O₂

Sodium phosphate, dibasic, anhydrous

Na₂HPO₄

Sodium pyrophosphate

Na₄P₂O₇·10H₂O

Sodium pyrosulfate

Na₂S₂O₇

Sodium sulfate, anhydrous

Na₂SO₄

Sodium sulfide

Na₂S·9H₂O

Sodium sulfite

Na₂SO₃·7H₂O

Sodium sulfite, anhydrous

Na₂SO₃

Sodium thiocyanate

NaSCN

* Sodium thiosulfate

Na₂S₂O₃·5H₂O

* Sodium tungstate

Na₂WO₄·2H₂O

* Stannous chloride

SnCl₂·2H₂O

* Starch

(C₆H₁₀O₅)_x

Succinic acid

HOCOCH₂CH₂COOH

Sulfamic acid

NH₂SO₃H

Sulfatoceric acid (ceric sulfate)

H₄Ce(SO₄)₄

5-Sulfosalicylic acid

2-HOC₆H₃-1-COOH-5-SO₃H·2H₂O

Sulfur dioxide gas

SO₂

* Sulfuric acid^A

H₂SO₄

* Sulfurous acid^A

H₂SO₃

 

 

Talc

 

* Tartaric acid

HOCO(CHOH)₂COOH

Test lead

Pb

Tetrapropylammonium hydroxide

(CH₃CH₂CH₂)₄NOH

Thioglycollic acid (mercaptoacetic acid)

CH₂SHCOOH

Thiourea

NH₂CSNH₂

Tin metal (99.9 %min)

Sn

Titanium dioxide

TiO₂

Titanium metal (low Sn)

Ti

Triethanolamine (2,2′,2"-nitrilotriethanol)

(CH₂OHCH₂)₃N

 

 

Uranium oxide

U₃O₈

* Uranyl nitrate

UO₂(NO₃)₂·6H₂O

Urea

NH₂CONH₂

 

 

Zinc (99.9 % min)

Zn

Zinc metal (S-free)

Zn

Zinc oxide

ZnO

Zinc sulfate

ZnSO₄·7H₂O

Zirconium oxide

ZrO₂

Zirconium metal

Zr

Zirconyl chloride

ZrOCl₂·8H₂O

(A) * Reagent on which ACS specifications exist.

† ACS specification exists but does not cover all requirements.

For concentration of laboratory reagent, see Table 2.

(B) Contains at least 50 % H₃PO₂.

4.2 It is assumed that the users of these practices will be trained analysts capable of performing common laboratory procedures skillfully and safely. It is expected that work will be performed in a properly-equipped laboratory.

Область применения

1.1 These practices cover laboratory apparatus and reagents that are required for the chemical analysis of metals, ores and related materials by standard methods of ASTM. Detailed descriptions of recommended apparatus and detailed instructions for the preparation of standard solutions and certain nonstandardized reagents will be found listed or specified in the individual methods of analysis. Included here are general recommendations on the purity of reagents and protective measures for the use of hazardous reagents.

1.2 These recommendations are intended to apply to the ASTM methods of chemical analysis of metals when definite reference is made to these practices, as covered in Section 4.

1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.

1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards are given in Section 8.

Note 1: The use of the verb “shall” (with its obligatory third person meaning) in this standard has been confined to those aspects of laboratory safety where regulatory requirements are known to exist. Such regulations, however, are beyond the scope of these practices.

1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.