4.1 A pressure vessel surveillance program requires a methodology for relating radiation-induced changes in materials exposed in accelerated surveillance locations to the condition of the pressure vessel (see Practice E853). An important consideration is that the irradiation exposures be expressed in a unit that is physically related to the damage mechanisms.
4.2 A major source of neutron radiation damage in metals is the displacement of atoms from their normal lattice sites. Hence, an appropriate damage exposure index is the number of times, on the average, that an atom has been displaced during an irradiation. This can be expressed as the total number of displaced atoms per unit volume, per unit mass, or per atom of the material. Displacements per atom is the most common way of expressing this quantity. The number of dpa associated with a particular irradiation depends on the amount of energy deposited in the material by the neutrons, and hence, depends on the neutron spectrum. (For a more extended discussion, see Practice E521.)
4.3 No simple correspondence exists in general between dpa and a particular change in a material property. A reasonable starting point, however, for relative correlations of property changes produced in different neutron spectra is the dpa value associated with each environment. That is, the dpa values themselves provide a spectrum-sensitive index that may be a useful correlation parameter, or some function of the dpa values may affect correlation.
TABLE 1 ENDF/B-VI-based Iron Displacement Cross Section
Bin
EngA (MeV)
σd (barns)
Bin
EngA (MeV)
σd (barns)
Bin
EngA (MeV)
σd (barns)
1
0.100E-09
158.3543
2
0.1050E-09
154.6209
3
0.110E-09
151.1395
4
0.1150E-09
147.8895
5
0.120E-09
144.1054
6
0.1275E-09
139.9202
7
0.1350E-09
136.0860
8
0.1425E-09
132.5445
9
0.150E-09
128.7502
10
0.160E-09
124.7860
11
0.170E-09
121.1728
12
0.180E-09
117.8527
13
0.190E-09
114.8137
14
0.200E-09
111.9561
15
0.210E-09
109.3199
16
0.220E-09
106.8646
17
0.230E-09
104.5694
18
0.240E-09
101.8930
19
0.2550E-09
98.93331
20
0.270E-09
96.65981
21
0.280E-09
94.12717
22
0.300E-09
91.05218
23
0.320E-09
88.24872
24
0.340E-09
85.68787
25
0.360E-09
83.33912
26
0.380E-09
81.17265
27
0.400E-09
78.92472
28
0.4250E-09
76.63646
29
0.450E-09
74.53734
30
0.4750E-09
72.59930
31
0.500E-09
70.81827
32
0.5250E-09
69.14790
33
0.550E-09
67.59222
34
0.5750E-09
66.13822
35
0.600E-09
64.64189
36
0.630E-09
63.12039
37
0.660E-09
61.70157
38
0.690E-09
60.37332
39
0.720E-09
58.92732
40
0.760E-09
57.39681
41
0.800E-09
55.97892
42
0.840E-09
54.65984
43
0.880E-09
53.43220
44
0.920E-09
52.28703
45
0.960E-09
51.21545
46
0.100E-08
50.07727
47
0.1050E-08
48.89598
48
0.110E-08
47.79609
49
0.1150E-08
46.76870
50
0.120E-08
45.57125
51
0.1275E-08
44.25006
52
0.1350E-08
43.03653
53
0.1425E-08
41.91761
54
0.150E-08
40.71708
55
0.160E-08
39.46333
56
0.170E-08
38.32018
57
0.180E-08
37.26968
58
0.190E-08
36.30967
59
0.200E-08
35.40710
60
0.210E-08
34.57391
61
0.220E-08
33.79705
62
0.230E-08
33.06956
63
0.240E-08
32.22424
64
0.2550E-08
31.28942
65
0.270E-08
30.57002
66
0.280E-08
29.76999
67
0.300E-08
28.79791
68
0.320E-08
27.91048
69
0.340E-08
27.10139
70
0.360E-08
26.35879
71
0.380E-08
25.67357
72
0.400E-08
24.96309
73
0.4250E-08
24.23960
74
0.450E-08
23.57548
75
0.4750E-08
22.96268
76
0.500E-08
22.39920
77
0.5250E-08
21.87094
78
0.550E-08
21.37982
79
0.5750E-08
20.91994
80
0.600E-08
20.44705
81
0.630E-08
19.96509
82
0.660E-08
19.51724
83
0.690E-08
19.09670
84
0.720E-08
18.63984
85
0.760E-08
18.15581
86
0.800E-08
17.70708
87
0.840E-08
17.29049
88
0.880E-08
16.90205
89
0.920E-08
16.54074
90
0.960E-08
16.20166
91
0.100E-07
15.84242
92
0.1050E-07
15.46908
93
0.110E-07
15.12094
94
0.1150E-07
14.79594
95
0.120E-07
14.41855
96
0.1275E-07
14.00095
97
0.13050E-07
13.61661
98
0.1425E-07
13.26338
99
0.150E-07
12.88403
100
0.160E-07
12.48759
101
0.170E-07
12.12633
102
0.180E-07
11.79428
103
0.190E-07
11.49039
104
0.200E-07
11.20760
105
0.210E-07
10.94298
106
0.220E-07
10.69745
107
0.230E-07
10.46804
108
0.240E-07
10.20132
109
0.2550E-07
9.906717
110
0.270E-07
9.679449
111
0.280E-07
9.427035
112
0.300E-07
9.118745
113
0.320E-07
8.838819
114
0.340E-07
8.582926
115
0.360E-07
8.347962
116
0.380E-07
8.131618
117
0.400E-07
7.907534
118
0.4250E-07
7.678809
119
0.450E-07
7.468805
120
0.4750E-07
7.276812
121
0.500E-07
7.097598
122
0.5250E-07
6.930767
123
0.550E-07
6.775607
124
0.5750E-07
6.630701
125
0.600E-07
6.482083
126
0.630E-07
6.330435
127
0.660E-07
6.188963
128
0.690E-07
6.056631
129
0.720E-07
5.913148
130
0.760E-07
5.760298
131
0.800E-07
5.618617
132
0.840E-07
5.486900
133
0.880E-07
5.364337
134
0.920E-07
5.250029
135
0.960E-07
5.143171
136
0.100E-06
5.029254
137
0.1050E-06
4.911427
138
0.110E-06
4.801945
139
0.1150E-06
4.699714
140
0.120E-06
4.581585
141
0.1275E-06
4.450361
142
0.1350E-06
4.329614
143
0.1425E-06
4.218222
144
0.150E-06
4.099185
145
0.160E-06
3.974304
146
0.170E-06
3.860402
147
0.180E-06
3.756055
148
0.190E-06
3.660761
149
0.200E-06
3.571313
150
0.210E-06
3.488699
151
0.220E-06
3.411616
152
0.230E-06
3.339466
153
0.240E-06
3.256051
154
0.2550E-06
3.163276
155
0.270E-06
3.091628
156
0.280E-06
3.013147
157
0.300E-06
2.916945
158
0.320E-06
2.829403
159
0.340E-06
2.749808
160
0.360E-06
2.676750
161
0.380E-06
2.608835
162
0.400E-06
2.527930
163
0.4250E-06
2.440897
164
0.450E-06
2.374384
165
0.4750E-06
2.313606
166
0.500E-06
2.257462
167
0.5250E-06
2.205331
168
0.550E-06
2.154114
169
0.5750E-06
2.108733
170
0.600E-06
2.060134
171
0.630E-06
2.011735
172
0.660E-06
1.966045
173
0.690E-06
1.923586
174
0.720E-06
1.877395
175
0.760E-06
1.828596
176
0.800E-06
1.783008
177
0.840E-06
1.741254
178
0.880E-06
1.703417
179
0.920E-06
1.667792
180
0.960E-06
1.632082
181
0.100E-05
1.595754
182
0.1050E-05
1.558720
183
0.110E-05
1.522295
184
0.1150E-05
1.490200
185
0.120E-05
1.451554
186
0.1275E-05
1.409592
187
0.1350E-05
1.370247
188
0.1425E-05
1.334635
189
0.150E-05
1.296298
190
0.160E-05
1.256143
191
0.170E-05
1.219824
192
0.180E-05
1.187621
193
0.190E-05
1.156028
194
0.200E-05
1.126746
195
0.210E-05
1.099981
196
0.220E-05
1.075226
197
0.230E-05
1.051885
198
0.240E-05
1.026221
199
0.2550E-05
0.9965719
200
0.270E-05
0.9722222
201
0.280E-05
0.9476671
202
0.300E-05
0.9157118
203
0.320E-05
0.8876799
204
0.340E-05
0.8611951
205
0.360E-05
0.8377314
206
0.380E-05
0.8153836
207
0.400E-05
0.7928756
208
0.4250E-05
0.7695923
209
0.450E-05
0.7481711
210
0.4750E-05
0.7286609
211
0.500E-05
0.7107515
212
0.5250E-05
0.6941600
213
0.550E-05
0.6778895
214
0.5750E-05
0.6635014
215
0.600E-05
0.6480775
216
0.630E-05
0.6327240
217
0.660E-05
0.6182052
218
0.690E-05
0.6047435
219
0.720E-05
0.5900444
220
0.760E-05
0.5745604
221
0.800E-05
0.5600318
222
0.840E-05
0.5467011
223
0.880E-05
0.5345984
224
0.920E-05
0.5232391
225
0.960E-05
0.5118709
226
0.100E-04
0.5002917
227
0.1050E-04
0.4884902
228
0.110E-04
0.4769112
229
0.1150E-04
0.4666898
230
0.120E-04
0.4543560
231
0.1275E-04
0.4409762
232
0.1350E-04
0.4284223
233
0.1425E-04
0.4170648
234
0.150E-04
0.4048129
235
0.160E-04
0.3919477
236
0.170E-04
0.3802993
237
0.180E-04
0.3699498
238
0.190E-04
0.3598211
239
0.200E-04
0.3504475
240
0.210E-04
0.3418580
241
0.220E-04
0.3339029
242
0.230E-04
0.3263810
243
0.240E-04
0.3181047
244
0.2550E-04
0.3085413
245
0.270E-04
0.3006880
246
0.280E-04
0.2927655
247
0.300E-04
0.2824593
248
0.320E-04
0.2733916
249
0.340E-04
0.2648267
250
0.360E-04
0.2572175
251
0.380E-04
0.2499703
252
0.400E-04
0.2426542
253
0.4250E-04
0.2350771
254
0.450E-04
0.2280936
255
0.4750E-04
0.2217044
256
0.500E-04
0.2158471
257
0.5250E-04
0.2104036
258
0.550E-04
0.2050605
259
0.5750E-04
0.2003403
260
0.600E-04
0.1952700
261
0.630E-04
0.1902102
262
0.660E-04
0.1854221
263
0.690E-04
0.1809756
264
0.720E-04
0.1761094
265
0.760E-04
0.1709726
266
0.800E-04
0.1661474
267
0.840E-04
0.1616956
268
0.880E-04
0.1576549
269
0.920E-04
0.1538460
270
0.960E-04
0.1500470
271
0.100E-03
0.1461601
272
0.1050E-03
0.1421933
273
0.110E-03
0.1382971
274
0.1150E-03
0.1348528
275
0.120E-03
0.1306799
276
0.1275E-03
0.1261477
277
0.1350E-03
0.1218873
278
0.1425E-03
0.1180186
279
0.150E-03
0.1138330
280
0.160E-03
0.1094287
281
0.170E-03
0.1054279
282
0.180E-03
0.1018602
283
0.190E-03
0.9837523E-01
284
0.200E-03
0.9515446E-01
285
0.210E-03
0.9224781E-01
286
0.220E-03
0.1048459
287
0.230E-03
0.1028288
288
0.240E-03
0.8397242E-01
289
0.2550E-03
0.8057346E-01
290
0.270E-03
0.7782596E-01
291
0.280E-03
0.7506079E-01
292
0.300E-03
0.7147984E-01
293
0.320E-03
0.6842791E-01
294
0.340E-03
0.1581741
295
0.360E-03
0.7452445E-01
296
0.380E-03
0.6020231E-01
297
0.400E-03
0.5752645E-01
298
0.4250E-03
0.5484677E-01
299
0.450E-03
0.5239946E-01
300
0.4750E-03
0.5017326E-01
301
0.500E-03
0.4855164E-01
302
0.5250E-03
0.4750492E-01
303
0.550E-03
0.8634498E-01
304
0.5750E-03
0.3684567
305
0.600E-03
0.7230662
306
0.630E-03
1.085166
307
0.660E-03
1.433057
308
0.690E-03
1.753764
309
0.720E-03
2.100540
310
0.760E-03
2.428895
311
0.800E-03
2.722788
312
0.840E-03
2.998771
313
0.880E-03
3.258461
314
0.920E-03
3.465372
315
0.960E-03
3.618973
316
0.100E-02
3.787081
317
0.1050E-02
3.964271
318
0.110E-02
13.13789
319
0.1150E-02
10.69382
320
0.120E-02
4.262693
321
0.1275E-02
4.338387
322
0.1350E-02
4.435367
323
0.1425E-02
4.534225
324
0.150E-02
4.592575
325
0.160E-02
4.783180
326
0.170E-02
4.701623
327
0.180E-02
4.841220
328
0.190E-02
4.999009
329
0.200E-02
5.111335
330
0.201E-02
5.183993
331
0.220E-02
5.279069
332
0.230E-02
5.408910
333
0.240E-02
5.523736
334
0.2550E-02
5.695442
335
0.270E-02
5.826853
336
0.280E-02
5.975410
337
0.300E-02
6.173523
338
0.320E-02
6.395415
339
0.340E-02
6.658582
340
0.360E-02
7.183939
341
0.380E-02
10.01168
342
0.400E-02
9.194485
343
0.4250E-02
8.178266
344
0.450E-02
8.229657
345
0.4750E-02
8.508525
346
0.500E-02
8.910876
347
0.5250E-02
9.525395
348
0.550E-02
10.59739
349
0.5750E-02
13.20411
350
0.600E-02
21.17466
351
0.630E-02
19.67340
352
0.660E-02
18.59203
353
0.690E-02
24.36627
354
0.720E-02
39.42936
355
0.760E-02
56.38621
356
0.800E-02
48.66102
357
0.840E-02
35.11790
358
0.880E-02
27.24892
359
0.920E-02
23.52159
360
0.960E-02
20.66808
361
0.100E-01
19.98392
362
0.1050E-01
18.41869
363
0.110E-01
18.51923
364
0.1150E-01
16.80365
365
0.120E-01
16.40945
366
0.1275E-01
16.00651
367
0.1350E-01
16.06792
368
0.1425E-01
15.55876
369
0.150E-01
15.08970
370
0.160E-01
14.61809
371
0.170E-01
13.99511
372
0.180E-01
13.21823
373
0.190E-01
12.01959
374
0.200E-01
10.61530
375
0.210E-01
8.888706
376
0.220E-01
6.857686
377
0.230E-01
4.435299
378
0.240E-01
4.034283
379
0.2550E-01
51.58856
380
0.270E-01
462.4204
381
0.280E-01
374.2036
382
0.300E-01
138.8582
383
0.320E-01
91.99242
384
0.340E-01
75.21491
385
0.360E-01
66.92896
386
0.380E-01
62.40611
387
0.400E-01
65.56062
388
0.4250E-01
59.51893
389
0.450E-01
61.42897
390
0.4750E-01
55.61853
391
0.500E-01
80.54994
392
0.5250E-01
84.93746
393
0.550E-01
61.63473
394
0.5750E-01
61.83547
395
0.600E-01
61.39486
396
0.630E-01
51.44463
397
0.660E-01
41.05520
398
0.690E-01
35.18787
399
0.720E-01
195.2115
400
0.760E-01
72.97270
401
0.800E-01
139.3801
402
0.840E-01
276.0543
403
0.880E-01
138.4568
404
0.920E-01
104.0743
405
0.960E-01
113.7160
406
0.100
105.5489
407
0.1050
78.43095
408
0.110
78.06753
409
0.1150
60.44543
410
0.120
70.47430
411
0.1275
134.1587
412
0.1350
255.3630
413
0.1425
293.0161
414
0.150
133.0900
415
0.160
122.7596
416
0.170
156.0143
417
0.180
244.4100
418
0.190
370.7627
419
0.200
205.3339
420
0.210
101.0349
421
0.220
307.5111
422
0.230
146.9613
423
0.240
171.8077
424
0.2550
135.3387
425
0.270
282.5501
426
0.280
187.6945
427
0.300
142.0391
428
0.320
315.5791
429
0.340
166.5530
430
0.360
302.1184
431
0.380
545.7117
432
0.400
528.4010
433
0.4250
400.4412
434
0.450
309.7825
435
0.4750
351.4453
436
0.500
381.0001
437
0.5250
327.4008
438
0.550
316.9469
439
0.5750
264.2091
440
0.600
190.8042
441
0.630
255.5292
442
0.660
529.8745
443
0.690
389.0167
444
0.720
680.4310
445
0.760
627.3019
446
0.800
427.2328
447
0.840
461.2467
448
0.880
327.1398
449
0.920
278.1719
450
0.960
479.7678
451
1.00
498.4922
452
1.10
477.6893
453
1.20
707.1735
454
1.30
616.4640
455
1.40
716.4101
456
1.50
734.1659
457
1.60
758.8353
458
1.70
784.5580
459
1.80
819.3325
460
1.90
989.3265
461
2.00
928.7681
462
2.10
923.3754
463
2.20
969.4800
464
2.30
1079.716
465
2.40
1143.224
466
2.50
1348.954
467
2.60
1192.105
468
2.70
1263.538
469
2.80
1277.801
470
2.90
1271.578
471
3.00
1364.006
472
3.10
1387.724
473
3.20
1358.466
474
3.30
1346.851
475
3.40
1398.034
476
3.50
1334.743
477
3.60
1424.447
478
3.70
1440.708
479
3.80
1483.880
480
3.90
1464.868
481
4.00
1526.371
482
4.10
1560.443
483
4.20
1530.309
484
4.30
1582.916
485
4.40
1523.340
486
4.50
1626.724
487
4.60
1600.863
488
4.70
1617.455
489
4.80
1653.609
490
4.90
1642.833
491
5.00
1600.075
492
5.10
1682.554
493
5.20
1687.286
494
5.30
1716.469
495
5.40
1731.089
496
5.50
1729.785
497
5.60
1760.852
498
5.70
1760.538
499
5.80
1768.656
500
5.90
1792.105
501
6.00
1811.511
502
6.10
1800.940
503
6.20
1811.547
504
6.30
1859.081
505
6.40
1859.125
506
6.50
1879.237
507
6.60
1890.037
508
6.70
1891.762
509
6.80
1909.485
510
6.90
1909.076
511
7.00
1914.442
512
7.10
1936.414
513
7.20
1941.750
514
7.30
1966.663
515
7.40
1963.306
516
7.50
1986.044
517
7.60
1976.213
518
7.70
1989.243
519
7.80
2003.646
520
7.90
2006.771
521
8.00
2009.093
522
8.10
2013.259
523
8.20
2032.588
524
8.30
2064.755
525
8.40
2063.837
526
8.50
2061.365
527
8.60
2059.507
528
8.70
2072.344
529
8.80
2089.976
530
8.90
2107.525
531
9.00
2122.580
532
9.10
2135.077
533
9.20
2147.577
534
9.30
2160.074
535
9.40
2172.482
536
9.50
2185.892
537
9.60
2199.950
538
9.70
2213.918
539
9.80
2226.698
540
9.90
2238.281
541
10.0
2250.482
542
10.10
2263.392
543
10.20
2276.220
544
10.30
2288.971
545
10.40
2301.725
546
10.50
2313.910
547
10.60
2325.628
548
10.70
2337.342
549
10.80
2348.869
550
10.90
2360.301
551
11.0
2371.744
552
11.10
2383.112
553
11.20
2395.212
554
11.30
2407.952
555
11.40
2421.344
556
11.50
2434.325
557
11.60
2446.243
558
11.70
2458.956
559
11.80
2471.205
560
11.90
2482.247
561
12.0
2493.659
562
12.10
2506.016
563
12.20
2519.598
564
12.30
2534.971
565
12.40
2549.086
566
12.50
2562.977
567
12.60
2576.115
568
12.70
2586.936
569
12.80
2600.011
570
12.90
2615.468
571
13.0
2630.343
572
13.10
2644.455
573
13.20
2658.475
574
13.30
2672.218
575
13.40
2685.520
576
13.50
2698.683
577
13.60
2711.990
578
13.70
2725.313
579
13.80
2738.112
580
13.90
2750.418
581
14.0
2763.164
582
14.10
2775.980
583
14.20
2788.331
584
14.30
2800.214
585
14.40
2811.915
586
14.50
2824.208
587
14.60
2837.183
588
14.70
2849.781
589
14.80
2862.184
590
14.90
2874.421
591
15.0
2877.552
592
15.10
2871.084
593
15.20
2864.617
594
15.30
2858.147
595
15.40
2851.581
596
15.50
2844.839
597
15.60
2837.641
598
15.70
2830.538
599
15.80
2823.427
600
15.90
2816.329
601
16.0
2813.386
602
16.10
2814.819
603
16.20
2816.344
604
16.30
2817.782
605
16.40
2819.124
606
16.50
2819.920
607
16.60
2819.883
608
16.70
2819.846
609
16.80
2819.725
610
16.90
2819.631
611
17.0
2823.437
612
17.10
2831.455
613
17.20
2839.475
614
17.30
2847.220
615
17.40
2855.056
616
17.50
2862.956
617
17.60
2870.913
618
17.70
2878.960
619
17.80
2886.826
620
17.90
2894.594
621
18.0
2903.983
622
18.10
2914.913
623
18.20
2925.791
624
18.30
2936.340
625
18.40
2946.712
626
18.50
2956.448
627
18.60
2965.448
628
18.70
2974.450
629
18.80
2983.453
630
18.90
2992.455
631
19.0
2999.561
632
19.10
3004.583
633
19.20
3009.698
634
19.30
3014.721
635
19.40
3019.741
636
19.50
3025.406
637
19.60
3031.526
638
19.70
3037.737
639
19.80
3043.950
640
19.90
3050.161
641
(A) Energies represent the lower bin boundary. The upper bin limit is 20.0 MeV
4.4 Since dpa is a construct that depends on a model of the neutron interaction processes in the material lattice, as well as the cross section (probability) for each of these processes, the value of dpa would be different if improved models or cross sections are used. The calculated displacement cross section for ferritic iron, as given in this practice, is determined by the procedure given in 6.3. The currently recommended iron displacement cross section in this practice (Table 1) was generated using the ENDF/B-VI iron cross section (1).3 A recent calculation using ENDF/B-VII.0 produced identical results.(2, 3) The iron cross section data in ENDF/B-VII.1 does not differ from ENDF/B-VII.0. Although the ENDF/B-VI based iron displacement cross section differs from the previously recommended ENDF/B-IV iron displacement cross section (1) by about 60 % in the energy region around 10 keV, by about 10 % for energies between 100 keV and 2 MeV, and by a factor of 4 near 1 keV due to the opening of reaction channels in the cross section, the integral iron dpa values are much less sensitive to the change in cross sections. The update from ENDF/B-IV to ENDF/B-VI dpa rates, when applied to the H. B. Robinson-2 pressurized water reactor, resulted in “up to ∼4 % higher dpa rates in the region close to the pressure vessel outer surface” and in “slightly lower dpa rates ... close to the pressure vessel inner wall” (4, 5). Table 2 presents a comparison of a previous edition (Practice E693-94) and currently recommended dpa estimates for several neutron spectra.
TABLE 2 Changes in Spectrum-Integrated dpa for Benchmark Neutron Spectra
Neutron Spectrum
Spectrum-averaged iron displacment cross section (barns)A
“Old” ENDF/B-IV-based E693 response
“Current” ENDF/B-VI-based E693 response
Difference ([Current - Old]/Old) (%)
ENDF/B-VI 235U Thermal Fission (1, 6)
875.55
858.54
–1.9
Materials Dosimetry Reference Facility (MDRF) (7)
345.03
343.58
–0.42
CFRMF (8, 9)
382.94
387.08
1.08
Intermediate-energy Standard Neutron Field (ISNF) (9, 10)
483.63
480.00
–0.75
Arkansas Nuclear ONE-1 (ANO) Cavity (11, 12)
134.40
139.44
3.75
ORNL Poolside Facility (PSF) T/4 position (11, 13)
242.14
238.33
–1.57
Oak Ridge Research Reactor (ORR) (9)
291.68
288.86
–0.97
Yayoi (9)
613.12
609.03
–0.67
BIGTEN (9, 14)
334.98
341.25
1.87
H.B. Robinson-2, in the vessel wall, close to the inner surface (4, 5)
219.43
218.81
–0.28
H.B. Robinson-2, ∼1/4 T vessel wall (4, 5)
245.17
249.24
1.66
H.B. Robinson-2, ∼3/4 T vessel wall (4, 5)
203.68
211.23
3.71
(A) The spectrum-average dpa values in this table were computed using Eq 11 in a 640 SAND-II energy group representation and a lower integration bound of Eo = 10–10 MeV.Note 1: Table 2 is included to illustrate the effect on the iron displacment cross section resulting from the change from the ENDF/B-IV to ENDF/B-VI cross sections. The spectrum-average cross section values given are not recommended for other uses because of their sensitivity to the assumed spectrum representations and the lower energy integration limit.
Область применения1.1 This practice describes a standard procedure for characterizing neutron irradiations of iron (and low alloy steels) in terms of the exposure index displacements per atom (dpa) for iron.
1.2 Although the methods of this practice apply to any material for which a displacement cross section σd(E) is known (see Practice E521), this practice is written specifically for iron.
1.3 It is assumed that the displacement cross section for iron is an adequate approximation for calculating displacements in steels that are mostly iron (95 to 100 %) in radiation fields for which secondary damage processes are not important.
1.4 Procedures analogous to this one can be formulated for calculating dpa in charged particle irradiations. (See Practice E521.)
1.5 The application of this practice requires knowledge of the total neutron fluence and flux spectrum. Refer to Practice E521 for determining these quantities.
1.6 The correlation of radiation effects data is beyond the scope of this practice.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.