Значение и использование

4.1 The objective of this practice is to provide ergonomic design criteria for maritime vessels and structures to ensure that maritime systems and equipment are designed in compliance with requirements for human performance, human workload, health and safety, survivability, and habitability.

4.2 Principles of Human Behavior:

4.2.1 There are basic principles of human behavior that control or influence how each person performs in their workplace. Some of these behaviors are culturally derived, while others are general and uniform across all cultures and geographical regions of the world. These behaviors influence a person's physical, social, and psychological approach toward the work they do and how safely they do that work. Failure to satisfy these behavioral principles in the design of a ship or maritime structure can encourage, or even coerce, maritime personnel into taking unsafe risks in their everyday activities. It is, therefore, imperative that designers of ships and maritime equipment, systems, and facilities know these principles to provide a safe and efficient workplace for maritime personnel.

4.2.2 These principles include:

4.2.2.1 If the design of the ship or maritime facility is considered to be unsafe or inefficient by the crew, it will be modified by the users, often solving the initial problem but introducing others that may be as bad, or worse, than the original.

4.2.2.2 Equipment design shall be such that it encourages safe use, that is, does not provide hardware and software that can be used in an unsafe manner.

4.2.2.3 If the equipment or system is not designed to operate as the users' cultural and stereotypical expectations lead them to think that it will operate, the chance for human error is significantly increased.

4.2.2.4 If equipment or systems are perceived by operators/maintainers to be too complex or require more effort to operate or maintain than they believe is necessary, they will always look for a “shortcut.” Further, this “shortcut” may be perceived as being safe when it is not.

4.2.2.5 No amount of training, company or organizational policy, threats of retaliatory action, warning notes in a technical manual or training guide, or pleading with personnel to be safe on the job can overcome poor design that encourages, leads, or even coerces personnel into unsafe acts on the job. The most efficient way to prevent unsafe design from contributing to an accident is to eliminate the unsafe design.

4.2.2.6 Equipment users tend to be very unimaginative when it comes to identifying unsafe features and they do not visualize the consequences of unsafe acts. Therefore, do not expect that an “obviously dangerous” task will always be recognized as such by every user.

4.2.2.7 Designers shall consider the possibility for human error and design equipment so that incorrect use (deliberate or accidental) will result in little or no harm to the user.

4.2.2.8 Equipment operators and maintainers tend to make guesses as to what a label, instruction, or operational chart states if it is not complete, legible, readable, and positioned correctly.

4.2.2.9 Designers and engineers shall never use themselves as the standard against which a particular design is evaluated. People come in many shapes, sizes, mental capacities, and capabilities. Therefore, design for the full range of potential users, physically, mentally, and socially.

4.2.2.10 People shall be protected against themselves. Designers cannot create an unsafe piece of equipment or system and expect the users to assume full responsibility for its safe use.

4.2.2.11 Ease of equipment maintenance affects the equipment's reliability, that is, the harder it is to be maintained, the less it will be maintained.

4.2.2.12 Equipment designed to require multiple operators working together simultaneously increases the likelihood of operator errors.

4.2.2.13 Operational/maintenance procedures shall be clear, definitive, and comprehensive, otherwise, they will be misinterpreted or ignored.

4.2.2.14 Structural items such as piping, cable trays, or any other item that appears strong enough to be used by a person to hold onto or stand on, and is placed in a convenient location to use for that purpose, will eventually be used for that purpose.

4.2.2.15 Humans expect consistency in the design and arrangement of their workplace. Therefore, if that workplace, or any part thereof, appears in more than one place in their work environment, it is expected to be located and look the same way at every location.

4.2.2.16 When controls and displays associated with particular pieces of equipment are placed on a console or control panel, they shall be located on that console or panel to replicate the actual location of the equipment on the ship or structure as both are viewed by the operator. Therefore, equipment that is to the operator's left as he/she faces the control station shall appear on the left of the control panel or console, and equipment to the right shall appear on the right side of the console or panel. This “spatial relationship” between the real world and the controls and displays that are associated with the equipments and systems of that world is extremely important in the design of ships and maritime structures.

4.2.3 Humans develop behavioral patterns based on their cultural experiences. Designing a ship or structure that ignores or violate those culturally derived behavior patterns will inevitably lead to human error.

4.3 Conflicts—Where conflicts exist between the design criteria contained in this practice and other sources of ergonomic design criteria, this practice should prevail except where the conflicting criteria were produced by a regulatory authority

4.4 Coverage—The design of vessels, structures, systems, subsystems, and equipment shall use the design criteria contained herein to provide the following:

4.4.1 Safe atmospheric conditions including temperature and humidity;

4.4.2 Limits on acoustic noise and vibration that will prevent performance degradation and physiological damage;

4.4.3 Space for personnel, their equipment, and free volume for the movements and activities they are required to perform for operational and maintenance tasks under both normal and emergency conditions;

4.4.4 Physical, visual, auditory, and other communication links between individual personnel and between personnel and their equipment under both normal and emergency conditions;

4.4.5 Efficient arrangement of operation and maintenance workplaces, equipment, structural elements, controls, and displays;

4.4.6 Natural or artificial illumination at levels suitable to perform all operational and maintenance tasks under both normal and emergency conditions;

4.4.7 Safe passageways, hatches, stairs, ladders, walkways, platforms, ramps, and other provisions for ingress, egress, and passage under both normal and emergency conditions;

4.4.8 Provision for protective equipment and clothing, systems, equipments, vessels, and structures that are designed to be operated and maintained by personnel wearing the equipment and clothing;

4.4.9 Compatibility of control/display interfaces with human information processing capability;

4.4.10 Immediate, accurate, and pertinent feedback to the operator of equipment or system performance after each control movement or action taken by the operator;

4.4.11 Designs that satisfy human behavioral needs such as spatial relationships, consistency, homeostasis, and cultural and equipment expectations;

4.4.12 Provision for labels, hazard signage, instructions, and procedures that are clear, concise, and understandable;

4.4.13 Provision for fail-safe designs in those areas in which failure can disable a vital system or cause catastrophic damage to equipment, injury to personnel, or loss of mission capability;

4.4.14 Designs that minimize potential human error incidence in the operation and maintenance of the system, particularly under conditions of stress and designs that ensure that errors, having been committed, can be corrected in time (the design is error tolerant);

4.4.15 Designs that minimize training time and costs and encourage simplicity so as to reduce personnel special skills or innate abilities required to operate or maintain them;

4.4.16 Designs that minimize the adverse impact of ship motion on human performance and health and safety; and

4.4.17 Designs that provide for safe and efficient operation and maintenance by user populations from all geographical regions of the maritime world.

4.5 Standardization—Controls, displays, markings, coding, labeling, and arrangement schemes for equipment and panel layouts shall be uniform for those items or designs that appear more than once on the vessel or structure. Human-machine interfaces shall exhibit common design approaches based on conventions and conformance to operator and maintainer expectations.

4.6 Off-the-Shelf Equipment—One criterion for selecting off-the-shelf commercial or government-furnished equipment should be the degree to which the equipment conforms to the design criteria of this practice. Where off-the-shelf equipment requires modification to interface with other equipment, the modification should be designed to comply with this practice.

4.7 Minimize Personnel—The design objective of the vessel or structure, equipments, systems, and subsystems shall be to reduce the number of personnel involved, especially simultaneously, in completing a particular task. Another design objective shall be to optimize ship or system manning, defined as the minimum number of personnel consistent with human performance, workload and safety requirements, reliability, affordability, and risk constraints.

4.8 Completeness—It is realized that no design guide or practice can cover every design requirement that might occur through the course of a ship or maritime structure's evolution. It is recognized that there will be occurrences in which a particular design requirement may have to be interpreted from the data that do exist. There may also be occasions in which design criteria may have to be acquired from a source other than this practice. When those occurrences arise, it is important that assistance be provided by trained human factors engineering (HFE) professionals familiar with this, and other, maritime-oriented design guidelines and standards and experienced in the application of these guidelines to the design of ships and maritime structures.

Область применения

1.1 This practice provides ergonomic design criteria from a human-machine perspective for the design and construction of maritime vessels and structures and for equipments, systems, and subsystems contained therein, including vendor-purchased hardware and software.

1.1.1 The focus of these design criteria is on the design and evaluation of human-machine interfaces, including the interfaces between humans on the one side and controls and displays, physical environments, structures, consoles, panels and workstations, layout and arrangement of ship spaces, maintenance workplaces, labels and signage, alarms, computer screens, material handling, valves, and other specific equipments on the other.

1.2 The criteria contained within this practice shall be applied to the design and construction of all hardware and software within a ship or maritime structure that the human crew members come in contact in any manner for operation, habitability, and maintenance purposes.

1.3 Unless otherwise stated in specific provisions of a ship or maritime structure design contract or specification, this practice is to be used to design maritime vessels, structures, equipment, systems, and subsystems to fit the full potential user population range of 5th % females to 95th % males.

1.4 This practice is divided into the following sections and subsections:

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section and
Subsections

Title

1

Scope

2

Referenced Documents

3

Terminology

4

Significance and Use

5

Controls

5.1

Principles of Control Design

5.2

General Design Guidelines

5.3

Control Movement

5.4

Control Spacing

5.5

Coding of Controls

5.6

Control Use and Design

6

Displays

6.1

Visual Displays

6.2

Location, Orientation, Lighting, and Arrangement of Displays

6.3

Display Illumination

6.4

Display Types

6.5

Audible Displays

7

Alarms

7.1

General Alarm Requirements

7.2

Visual Alarms

7.3

Audible Alarms

7.4

Voice Messages

7.5

Alarm Initiation Stations

7.6

Alarm Requirements by IMO

8

Integration of Controls, Displays, and Alarms

8.1

Principles of Design

8.2

Grouping Relationships—Principles of Arrangement

8.3

Separating Groupings

8.4

Position Relationships of Displays and Alarms

8.5

Position Relationships of Controls to Associated Displays and Alarms

8.6

Control and Display Movement Relationships

8.7

Spatial Relationship Between Controls, Displays, and Equipment

8.8

Alternative Approach to Grouping Design

8.9

Special Requirements for Control and Display Integration on Bridges

9

Anthropometry

9.1

General Design Requirements

9.2

Static Anthropometric Data

10

Workplace Arrangements

10.1

Basic Principles of Workplace Design

10.2

Seated Workstation

10.3

Standing Workstation

10.4

Kneeling Workstation

10.5

Squatting Workstation

10.6

Shelving

10.7

Status Boards and File Cabinets

10.8

Work Benches

10.9

Vertical Strainers and Filters

10.10

Reach Limitations at Workstations

10.11

Safety Eyewash Fountains and Showers

10.12

Pedestal-Mounted Controls and Displays

10.13

Hand Cranks and Pumps

10.14

Bulkhead-Mounted Equipment

10.15

Equipment Racks, Cabinets, and Individual Equipment Spacing

10.16

Consoles and Control Panels

10.17

Bridge Design

11

Access Aids: Stairs, Handrails, Railings, Vertical Ladders, Ramps, Doors, Lightening Holes, Hatches, Kick-Out Panels, Passageways and Walkways, and Work Platforms)

11.1

Stairs, Ladders, and Ramps

11.2

Stairs

11.3

Ramps

11.4

Vertical Ladders

11.5

Vertical Ladders with Safety Cages

11.6

Vertical Ladders with Positive Fall Protection Devices

11.7

Special Ladder Requirements

11.8

Handle/Hand Grab

11.9

Individual Rung Ladders

11.10

D-Ring Ladders

11.11

Handrails

11.12

Walkways, Passageways, and Alternate Means of Personnel Movement

11.13

Elevated Work Platforms

11.14

Hatches, Manways, Lightening Holes, Inspection Ports, and Kick-Out Panels

11.15

Doors and Arches

11.16

Permanent Means of Access (PMA)

12

Valve Placement, Orientation, and Location

12.1

General Design Requirements

12.2

Valve Criticality and Location

12.3

Valve-Mounting Heights and Orientations: Handwheel Operated

12.4

Valve-Mounting Heights and Orientations: Lever-Operated Valves

12.5

Alternative Valve Orientations

12.6

Valve Manifolds

13

Human-Computer Interface

13.1

General Design Requirements

13.2

System Operations

13.3

Computer Displays

13.4

Display Content

13.5

Display Coding

13.6

Dynamic Displays

13.7

Display Format

13.8

Textual Data Displays

13.9

Graphic Displays

13.10

Audio Displays

13.11

Data Entry

13.12

Interactive Control

13.13

Graphic Controls

13.14

Windows

13.15

Menus

13.16

Forms

13.17

Alarms

13.18

Language

13.19

Feedback

13.20

Prompts

13.21

Defaults

13.22

Error Management/Data Protection

13.23

Data Security

13.24

Help

13.25

Software

13.26

Data Transmission/Messaging

13.27

Input Devices

13.28

Cursors

13.29

Printing

14

Habitability

14.1

Noise

14.2

Indoor Climate

14.3

Lighting

14.4

Whole-body Vibration and Shock

15

Labeling

15.1

Design Criteria of Labels

15.2

Abbreviations

15.3

Symbols

15.4

Component Labels on Consoles and Panels

15.5

Equipment Identification Labels

15.6

Electrical System Labels

15.7

Room, Deck Space, and Void Identification Labels

15.8

Pipe Marker Labels

15.9

Safe Working Load Identification Labels

15.10

Load Weight Identification Labels

15.11

Hazard Identification Signs

15.12

Information Signs

15.13

Instruction Labels

15.14

Graphical Schematics or Diagrams

15.15

Orientation Plans

15.16

Emergency Instructions

16

Material Handling

16.1

Design to Support Manual Material Lifting and Carrying

16.2

Weight Lifting

16.3

Weight Carrying

16.4

Design to Push for Manual Material Handling

16.5

Design of Handles and Grasp Areas

16.6

Design of Auxiliary Hoisting and Carrying Devices

16.7

Hand Trucks and Wheeled Dollies

16.8

Crane Design

17

Maintenance

17.1

General Design Requirements

17.2

Maintenance Accessibility

17.3

Maintenance Environments

17.4

Lubrication

17.5

Cases

17.6

Covers

17.7

Fasteners

17.8

Hatches, Manways, Lightening Holes for Maintenance Access

17.9

Diagnostics and Troubleshooting

17.10

Equipment Modularization

17.11

Equipment Mounting and Installation

17.12

Standardization

17.13

Electrical Wires and Cables

17.14

Conductors

17.15

Connectors

17.16

Test Equipment

17.17

Fuses and Circuit Breakers

17.18

Hydraulic Systems

17.19

Stored Energy Devices

17.20

Pipe Flanges, Spools, and Blinds

17.21

Test and Sample Points

18

Hazards and Safety

18.1

Safety Labels, Signs, and Excluded Area Markings

18.2

General Workplace Hazards

18.3

General Equipment-Related Hazards

18.4

Electrical Hazards

18.5

Mechanical Hazards

18.6

Fluid Hazards

18.7

Safety Barriers

18.8

Fall Protection

18.9

Emergency Egress

19

Communications

19.1

Communication System Requirements

19.2

Microphones

19.3

Headsets

19.4

Loudspeakers

19.5

Telephone Systems

Appendix X1

Human Factors Engineering (HFE) Design Checklist

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure

Title

1

Control Movement Expectations

2

Foot-Operated Switches Design Requirements

3

Pedal Location and Design Requirements

4

Lateral Spacing for Pedals

5

Design Criteria for Discrete Rotary Controls

6

Separation Requirements for Discrete Rotary Controls

7

Dimension, Resistance, and Separation of Continuous Rotary Controls

8

Proper Mounting of Rapidly Operated Cranks

9

Dimensions, Resistance, and Separations Required for Cranks

10

Design Criteria for Pushbuttons

11

Two Types of Legend Switches (Backlit Pushbuttons)

12

Size, Displacement, and Resistance for Legend Switches

13

Design Requirements for Various Types of Toggle Switches

14

Design Requirements for Rocker Switches

15

Dimensions, Resistance, and Separation for Discrete Slide Switch Controls

16

Dimensions, Resistance, and Separation for Continuous Slide Controls

17

Dimensions, Resistance, and Separation for Levers

18

Dimensions, Resistance, and Separation for Slide Levers

19

Dimensions, Displacement, and Separation of Push-Pull Controls

20

Visual Lines of Sight

21

Primary and Secondary Fields-of-View

22

Design Criteria for Major, Intermediate, and Minor Scale Markings

23

Scale Graduation, Pointer Position, and Scale Numbering Alternatives

24

Scale Number Placement

25

Color and Shape Coding of Ranges on an Analog Display

26

Zero Position and Pointer Movement for Circular Dial Displays

27

Aligned Pointers for Rapid Check Readings

28

Digital Display Design Requirements

29

Grouping Controls and Displays by Common Function

30

Grouping Controls and Displays by Individual Equipments

31

Mirror-Imaged Arrangement of Individual Equipment Control and Display Groupings (Not Recommended)

32

Grouping Controls and Displays by Common Equipment

33

Grouping Controls and Displays by Sequence of Use

34

Grouping with Physical Separation

35

Grouping with Boundary Lines and Borders

36

Grouping with Colored and Shaded Pads

37

Grouping with Sub-panels

38

Position of Individual Controls and Associated Displays for Right-Handed Operator

39

Arrangement of Multiple Rows of Controls and Displays

40

Arrangement of Multiple Rows of Displays and a Single Row of Controls

41

Positional Relationship between Alarm, Display, and Control

42

Positional Relationship between Control Pointer and Status Indicator

43

Control and Display Movement Relationship

44

Spatial Relationship Between Controls, Displays, and Equipment

45

Spatial Relationships Between Equipment and Control Panels

46

Spatial Relationships for Redundant Controls and Displays

47

Panel Layout That Replicates Location of Equipment in Remote Space

48

Mimic of Physical Equipment Functional Layout

49

Mimic of Functional Groups Irrespective of Equipment Layout

50

Standing Body Dimensions

51

Seated Body Dimensions

52

Depth and Breadth Dimensions

53

Hand and Foot Dimensions

54

Gloved Hand Dimensions

55

Seated Workspace Dimensions

56

Dimensions for a Computer Workstation

57

Dimensions for Single or Multiple Personnel at a Table or Other Duty Station Not Requiring a Desk

58

Seating at CRT-Type Workstations

59

Clearance Behind a Seated Workstation

60

Control Mounting Height for Seated Personnel

61

Display Mounting Height for Seated Personnel

62

Control Mounting Height for Standing Personnel

63

Display Mounting Height for Standing Personnel

64

Control Mounting Height for a Kneeling Person

65

Display Mounting Height for Kneeling Personnel

66

Required Dimensions for a Kneeling Worker

67

Control Mounting Height for Squatting Personnel

68

Display Mounting Heights for Squatting Personnel

69

Required Dimensions for a Squatting Worker

70

Workplace Dimensions for Shelves with Full Access

71

Workplace Dimensions for Shelves Located Above a Cabinet

72

Workplace Dimensions for Shelves Requiring Vision Over the Top

73

Front Clearance Requirement for Lower Shelves

74

Mounting Height of Status Boards

75

Clearance in Front of Filing Cabinets

76

Workbench Dimensions

77

Safe Reach Distances Over an Obstacle or Barrier

78

Mounting Heights for Bulkhead-Mounted Equipment in Passageways

79

Mounting Heights for Common Electrical Fixtures

80

Direct Spatial Relationships Between Controls and Equipment

81

Spatial Relationship of Fore and Aft Equipment to Controls and Displays on a Console Located Athwartship

82

Seated Single-Operator Console Dimensions

83

Wraparound Seated Console

84

Special Width Console

85

Multi-Tiered Standing Console

86

Multi-Tiered Seated Console

87

Dimensions for Desktop Standing Console

88

Cargo and Ballast Transfer Consoles

89

Stair Dimensions

90

Straight Run Ramp Dimensions

91

Ramp with Turning Platform

92

Ramp with Switchback Turning Platform

93

Vertical Ladder Dimensions

94

Dimensions for a Vertical Ladder Arrangement

95

Platform/Landing Dimensions for Vertical Ladder Penetration

96

Caged Ladder Dimensions

97

Cage Shape and Size

98

Ladder and Climber Safety Device Dimensions

99

Extended Railing for Ladder Fall Protection (Front View)

100

Extended Railing for Ladder Fall Protection (Side View)

101

Extended Railing and Cage for Ladder Fall Protection (Front View)

102

Extended Railing and Cage for Ladder Fall Protection (Side View)

103

Handles or Hand Grabs for Use as Ladder Extensions

104

Handle for Transition from a Ladder to an Intermediate Platform

105

Recommended Design Criteria for Individual Rung Ladders

106

Dimensions for D-Ring Ladders

107

Fixed Handrail Design

108

Removable Handrail Dimensions

109

Special Handrail Design Dimensions

110

Transition Handrail Dimensions

111

Additional Personnel Movement-Related Design Features

112

Dimensions for Rectangular Access Openings Installed in a Vertical Orientation Requiring a Step to Reach the Opening

113

Dimensions for Rectangular, Square, and Round Hatches, Manways, and Lightening Holes

114

Dimensions for Lightening Holes

115

Access to Vertical Escape Hatches

116

Access to Overhead Hatch

117

Access into a Cargo Hold Through a Raised Hatch

118

Door Placement

119

Desirable Upper Limits for Handwheel Torque

120

Mounting Heights for Handwheel Valves With Vertical Stems

121

Mounting Heights for Handwheel Valves With Horizontal Stems

122

Mounting Heights for Handwheel Valves With Angled Stems

123

Mounting Heights for Lever-Operated Valves With Vertical Stems

124

Mounting Heights for Lever-Operated Valves With Horizontal Stems

125

Direction of Travel for Valve Levers Accessible From One Side Only

126

Physical Reach from a Stooping or Squatting Position

127

Mounting Position for Valve Levers and Handwheels Below Standing Surface

128

Orientation and Reach from Ladder Parallel to Valves

129

Orientation and Reach from Ladder Perpendicular to Valves

130

Operating Valves from a Ladder

131

Valve Manifold for Tanks Located Athwartship

132

Valve Manifold for Tanks Located Fore and Aft

133

Valve Manifold for Fill, High-Suction, and Low-Suction Valves

134

Default Push Button

135

Push Button States

136

Radio Buttons

137

Check Boxes

138

Slider Control

139

Message Window Design

140

Finger-Operated Displacement Joystick Specifications

141

Trackball Dimensions, Resistance, and Clearance

142

Permissible Noise Exposure Limits

143

Large Enclosure Ventilation Requirements

144

Surface Reflectance Values

145

Health Guidance Zones for Limited Exposures

146

Independent Symbols

147

Guidelines for Labels on Consoles and Panels

148

Control and Control Setting Labels

149

Control and Display Group Labels

150

Control Setting Labels for Multiple Controls

151

Equipment Label Format

152

Sensor Label

153

Pipe Marker Labels

154

Pipe Marker Labels with Two Colors

155

Hazard Signal Word Headers

156

Examples of Text and Symbol on Signs

157

Example of Information Sign

158

Examples of Push-Pull Forces

159

Handle Dimensions

160

Use of Hand Trucks

161

Use of Dollies

162

Case Orientation

163

Access Opening Covers

164

Example of Alignment Pins

165

Cable Arrangements

166

Suggested Cable Arrangement in a Junction Box

167

Fluid Line Connection Recommendations

168

Areas Not To Place Items on Bulkhead

169

Safety Barriers

LIST OF TABLES

Table

Title

1

Recommended Manual Controls

2

Control Movement Expectations

3

Minimum Spacing Between Two Controls

4

Comparison of Displacement and Isometric Controls

5

Typical Status Display and Alarm Color Codes for North American Industry

6

Character Sizes for Digital Displays

7

Functional Evaluation of Types of Audio Signals

8

Guidelines for Color Coding of Visual Alarms

9

General Recommendations for Sound Loudness and Frequency

10

Guidelines for Selecting Audible Alarm Sounds

11

Clothing and Postural Effects

12

International Geographical Regions for Which Anthropometric Data Are Available

13

Standing Height Dimensions—International Population

14

Seated Eye Height Dimensions—International Population

15

Forward Functional Reach Dimensions—International Population

16

Male Anthropometric Data from Four Regions of the World

17

Female Anthropometric Data from Four Regions of the World

18

Weights for American Adult Females and Males

19

Seated Workspace Dimensions

20

Dimensions for a Seated Computer Workstation

21

Maximum Overhead Extended and Gripping Reach

22

Selection of Access Type

23

Stair Dimensions

24

Stair Widths

25

Handrail Arrangements

26

Recommended Ramp Angle Inclinations

27

Walkway and Passageway Dimensions

28

Dimensions for Additional Personnel Movement-Related Features

29

Access Opening and Mounting Depth Dimensions for Levers and Handwheels Mounted Below the Standing Surface

30

System Response Time Limits

31

Advantages and Disadvantages of Nonkeyboard Input Devices

32

Keyboard Push-Button Characteristics

33

Pointer Shapes and Associated Functions

34

Pointing Device Button Actions

35

Limiting Dimensions for Mouse

36

Maximum Permissible Noise Levels

37

Noise Attenuation from Hearing Protectors

38

Lighting Levels for Ships and Maritime Structures

39

Maximum Brightness Ratios

40

Operational Environment Types

41

Examples of Equipment Labels

42

Pipe Label Format

43

Example Color-Coding Scheme for Vessel/Structure Piping

44

Chromaticity Coordinates for Color Coding

45

Message Text Character Heights

46

Design Weight Limits for Lifting

47

Design Weight Limits for Carrying

48

Limiting Factors

49

Seated, Forward Reach (Both Arms)

50

Cross-Legged Seated, Forward Reach (Both Arms)

51

Standing, Forward Reach (Both Arms)

52

Standing, Forward Reach (Preferred Arm)

53

Standing, Lateral Reach (Preferred Arm)

54

Opening Dimensions for Single-Hand Access with Tools

55

Opening Dimensions for Single-Hand Access without Tools

56

Opening Dimensions for Arm Access without Tools

57

Opening Dimensions for Two-Hand Access

58

Thermal Temperature Limits

59

Shock Current Intensities and Their Probable Consequences

60

Minimum Speech Intelligibility Scores

X1.1

Human Factors Checklist for Design

1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.