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4.1 The objective of this practice is to provide ergonomic design criteria for maritime vessels and structures to ensure that maritime systems and equipment are designed in compliance with requirements for human performance, human workload, health and safety, survivability, and habitability.
4.2 Principles of Human Behavior:
4.2.1 There are basic principles of human behavior that control or influence how each person performs in their workplace. Some of these behaviors are culturally derived, while others are general and uniform across all cultures and geographical regions of the world. These behaviors influence a person’s physical, social, and psychological approach toward the work they do and how safely they do that work. Failure to satisfy these behavioral principles in the design of a ship or maritime structure can encourage, or even coerce, maritime personnel into taking unsafe risks in their everyday activities. It is, therefore, imperative that designers of ships and maritime equipment, systems, and facilities know these principles to provide a safe and efficient workplace for maritime personnel.
4.2.2 These principles include:
4.2.2.1 If the design of the ship or maritime facility is considered to be unsafe or inefficient by the crew, it will be modified by the users, often solving the initial problem but introducing others that may be as bad, or worse, than the original.
4.2.2.2 Equipment design shall be such that it encourages safe use, that is, does not provide hardware and software that can be used in an unsafe manner.
4.2.2.3 If the equipment or system is not designed to operate as the users’ cultural and stereotypical expectations lead them to think that it will operate, the chance for human error is significantly increased.
4.2.2.4 If equipment or systems are perceived by operators/maintainers to be too complex or require more effort to operate or maintain than they believe is necessary, they will always look for a “shortcut.” Further, this “shortcut” may be perceived as being safe when it is not.
4.2.2.5 No amount of training, company or organizational policy, threats of retaliatory action, warning notes in a technical manual or training guide, or pleading with personnel to be safe on the job can overcome poor design that encourages, leads, or even coerces personnel into unsafe acts on the job. The most efficient way to prevent unsafe design from contributing to an accident is to eliminate the unsafe design.
4.2.2.6 Equipment users may not recognize latent hazards in a design. Therefore designers shall identify unsafe features that may not be recognized by users to minimize, or eliminate unsafe tasks, operations and acts. In addition, if hazards exist, the designer should clearly communicate known hazards inherent in processes and procedures to the users.
4.2.2.7 Designers shall consider the possibility for human error and design equipment so that incorrect use (deliberate or accidental) will result in little or no harm to the user.
4.2.2.8 Equipment operators and maintainers will be forced to infer as to what a label, instruction, or operational chart states if it is not complete, legible, readable, and positioned correctly.
4.2.2.9 Designers and engineers shall never use themselves as the standard against which a particular design is evaluated. People come in many shapes, sizes, mental capacities, and capabilities. Therefore, design for the full range of potential users, physically, mentally, and socially.
4.2.2.10 People shall be protected against themselves. Designers cannot create an unsafe piece of equipment or system and expect the users to assume full responsibility for its safe use.
4.2.2.11 Ease of equipment maintenance affects the equipment’s reliability, that is, the harder it is to be maintained, the less it will be maintained.
4.2.2.12 Equipment designed to require multiple operators working together simultaneously increases the likelihood of operator errors.
4.2.2.13 Operational/maintenance procedures shall be clear, definitive, and comprehensive, otherwise, they will be misinterpreted or ignored.
4.2.2.14 Structural items such as piping, cable trays, or any other item that appears strong enough to be used by a person to hold onto or stand on, and is placed in a convenient location to use for that purpose, will eventually be used for that purpose.
4.2.2.15 Users expect consistency in the design and arrangement of their workplace. Therefore, if that workplace, or any part thereof, appears in more than one place in their work environment, it is expected to be located and look the same way at every location.
4.2.2.16 When controls and displays associated with particular pieces of equipment are placed on a console or control panel, they shall be located on that console or panel to replicate the actual location of the equipment on the ship or structure as both are viewed by the operator. Therefore, equipment that is to the operator’s left as he or she faces the control station shall appear on the left of the control panel or console, and equipment to the right shall appear on the right side of the console or panel. This “spatial relationship” between the real world and the controls and displays that are associated with the equipment and systems of that world is extremely important in the design of ships and maritime structures.
4.2.3 Users develop behavioral patterns based on their cultural experiences. Designing a ship or structure that ignores or violate those culturally derived behavior patterns will inevitably increase risks of user error.
4.3 Conflicts—Where conflicts exist between the design criteria contained in this practice and other sources of ergonomic design criteria, this practice should prevail except where the conflicting criteria were produced by a regulatory authority
4.4 Coverage—The design of vessels, structures, systems, subsystems, and equipment shall use the design criteria contained herein to provide the following:
4.4.1 Safe atmospheric conditions including temperature and humidity;
4.4.2 Limits on acoustic noise and vibration that will prevent performance degradation and physiological damage;
4.4.3 Space for personnel, their equipment, and free volume for the movements and activities they are required to perform for operational and maintenance tasks under both normal and emergency conditions;
4.4.4 Physical, visual, auditory, and other communication links between individual personnel and between personnel and their equipment under both normal and emergency conditions;
4.4.5 Efficient arrangement of operation and maintenance workplaces, equipment, structural elements, controls, and displays;
4.4.6 Natural or artificial illumination at levels suitable to perform all operational and maintenance tasks under both normal and emergency conditions;
4.4.7 Safe passageways, hatches, stairs, ladders, walkways, platforms, ramps, and other provisions for ingress, egress, and passage under both normal and emergency conditions;
4.4.8 Provision for protective equipment and clothing, systems, equipment, vessels, and structures that are designed to be operated and maintained by personnel wearing the equipment and clothing;
4.4.9 Compatibility of control/display interfaces with human information processing capability;
4.4.10 Immediate, accurate, and pertinent feedback to the operator of equipment or system performance after each control movement or action taken by the operator;
4.4.11 Designs that satisfy human behavioral needs such as spatial relationships, consistency, homeostasis, and cultural and equipment expectations;
4.4.12 Provision for labels, hazard signage, instructions, and procedures that are clear, concise, and understandable;
4.4.13 Provision for fail-safe designs in those areas in which failure can disable a vital system or cause catastrophic damage to equipment, injury to personnel, or loss of mission capability;
4.4.14 Designs that minimize potential human error incidence in the operation and maintenance of the system, particularly under conditions of stress and designs that ensure that errors, having been committed, can be corrected in time (the design is error tolerant);
4.4.15 Designs that minimize training time and costs and encourage simplicity so as to reduce personnel special skills or innate abilities required to operate or maintain them;
4.4.16 Designs that minimize the adverse impact of ship motion on human performance and health and safety; and
4.4.17 Designs that provide for safe and efficient operation and maintenance by user populations from all geographical regions of the maritime world.
4.5 Standardization—Controls, displays, markings, coding, labeling, and arrangement schemes for equipment and panel layouts shall be uniform for those items or designs that appear more than once on the vessel or structure. Human-machine interfaces shall exhibit common design approaches based on conventions and conformance to operator and maintainer expectations.
4.6 Off-the-Shelf Equipment—One criterion for selecting off-the-shelf commercial or government-furnished equipment should be the degree to which the equipment conforms to the design criteria of this practice. Where off-the-shelf equipment requires modification to interface with other equipment, the modification should be designed to comply with this practice.
4.7 Minimize Personnel—The design objective of the vessel or structure, equipment, systems, and subsystems shall be to reduce the number of personnel involved, especially simultaneously, in completing a particular task. Another design objective shall be to optimize ship or system manning, defined as the minimum number of personnel consistent with human performance, workload and safety requirements, reliability, affordability, and risk constraints.
4.8 Completeness—It is realized that no design guide or practice can cover every design requirement that might occur through the course of a ship or maritime structure’s evolution. It is recognized that there will be occurrences in which a particular design requirement may have to be interpreted from the data that do exist. There may also be occasions in which design criteria may have to be acquired from a source other than this practice. When those occurrences arise, it is important that assistance be provided by trained human factors engineering (HFE) professionals familiar with this, and other, maritime-oriented design guidelines and standards and experienced in the application of these guidelines to the design of ships and maritime structures.
FIG. 1 Control Movement Expectations
1.1 This practice provides ergonomic design criteria from a human-machine perspective for the design and construction of maritime vessels and structures and for equipment, systems, and subsystems contained therein, including vendor-purchased hardware and software.
1.1.1 The focus of these design criteria is on the design and evaluation of human-machine interfaces, including the interfaces between humans on the one side and controls and displays, physical environments, structures, consoles, panels and workstations, layout and arrangement of ship spaces, maintenance workplaces, labels and signage, alarms, computer screens, material handling, valves, and other specific equipment on the other.
1.2 The criteria contained within this practice shall be applied to the design and construction of all hardware and software within a ship or maritime structure that the human crew members come in contact in any manner for operation, habitability, and maintenance purposes.
1.3 Unless otherwise stated in specific provisions of a ship or maritime structure design contract or specification, this practice is to be used to design maritime vessels, structures, equipment, systems, and subsystems to fit the full potential user population range of 5th % females to 95th % males.
1.4 This practice is divided into the following sections and subsections:
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section
and
Subsections
Title
1
Scope
2
Referenced Documents
3
Terminology
4
Significance and Use
5
Controls
5.1
Principles of Control Design
5.2
General Design Guidelines
5.3
Control Movement
5.4
Control Spacing
5.5
Coding of Controls
5.6
Control Use and Design
6
Displays
6.1
Visual Displays
6.2
Location, Orientation, Lighting, and Arrangement of Displays
6.3
Display Illumination
6.4
Display Types
6.5
Audible Displays
7
Alarms
7.1
General Alarm Requirements
7.2
Visual Alarms
7.3
Audible Alarms
7.4
Voice Messages
7.5
Alarm Initiation Stations
7.6
Alarm Requirements by IMO
8
Integration of Controls, Displays, and Alarms
8.1
Principles of Design
8.2
Grouping Relationships—Principles of Arrangement
8.3
Separating Groupings
8.4
Position Relationships of Displays and Alarms
8.5
Position Relationships of Controls to Associated Displays and Alarms
8.6
Control and Display Movement Relationships
8.7
Spatial Relationship Between Controls, Displays, and Equipment
8.8
Alternative Approach to Grouping Design
8.9
Special Requirements for Control and Display Integration on Bridges
9
Anthropometry
9.1
General Design Requirements
9.2
Static Anthropometric Data
10
Workplace Arrangements
10.1
Basic Principles of Workplace Design
10.2
Seated Workstation
10.3
Standing Workstation
10.4
Kneeling Workstation
10.5
Squatting Workstation
10.6
Shelving
10.7
Status Boards and File Cabinets
10.8
Work Benches
10.9
Vertical Strainers and Filters
10.10
Reach Limitations at Workstations
10.11
Safety Eyewash Fountains and Showers
10.12
Pedestal-Mounted Controls and Displays
10.13
Hand Cranks and Pumps
10.14
Bulkhead-Mounted Equipment
10.15
Equipment Racks, Cabinets, and Individual Equipment Spacing
10.16
Consoles and Control Panels
10.17
Bridge Design
11
Access Aids: Stairs, Handrails, Railings, Vertical Ladders, Ramps, Doors, Lightening Holes, Hatches, Kick-Out Panels, Passageways and Walkways, and Work Platforms)
11.1
Stairs, Ladders, and Ramps
11.2
Stairs
11.3
Ramps
11.4
Vertical Ladders
11.5
Vertical Ladders with Safety Cages
11.6
Vertical Ladders with Positive Fall Protection Devices
11.7
Special Ladder Requirements
11.8
Handle/Hand Grab
11.9
Individual Rung Ladders
11.10
D-Ring Ladders
11.11
Handrails
11.12
Walkways, Passageways, and Alternate Means of Personnel Movement
11.13
Elevated Work Platforms
11.14
Hatches, Manways, Lightening Holes, Inspection Ports, and Kick-Out Panels
11.15
Doors and Arches
11.16
Permanent Means of Access (PMA)
12
Valve Placement, Orientation, and Location
12.1
General Design Requirements
12.2
Valve Criticality and Location
12.3
Valve-Mounting Heights and Orientations: Handwheel Operated
12.4
Valve-Mounting Heights and Orientations: Lever-Operated Valves
12.5
Alternative Valve Orientations
12.6
Valve Manifolds
13
Human-Computer Interface
13.1
General Design Requirements
13.2
System Operations
13.3
Computer Displays
13.4
Display Content
13.5
Display Coding
13.6
Dynamic Displays
13.7
Display Format
13.8
Textual Data Displays
13.9
Graphic Displays
13.10
Audio Displays
13.11
Data Entry
13.12
Interactive Control
13.13
Graphic Controls
13.14
Windows
13.15
Menus
13.16
Forms
13.17
Alarms
13.18
Language
13.19
Feedback
13.20
Prompts
13.21
Defaults
13.22
Error Management/Data Protection
13.23
Data Security
13.24
Help
13.25
Software
13.26
Data Transmission/Messaging
13.27
Input Devices
13.28
Cursors
13.29
Printing
14
Habitability
14.1
Noise
14.2
Indoor Climate
14.3
Lighting
14.4
Whole-body Vibration and Shock
15
Labeling
15.1
Design Criteria of Labels
15.2
Abbreviations
15.3
Symbols
15.4
Component Labels on Consoles and Panels
15.5
Equipment Identification Labels
15.6
Electrical System Labels
15.7
Room, Deck Space, and Void Identification Labels
15.8
Pipe Marker Labels
15.9
Safe Working Load Identification Labels
15.10
Load Weight Identification Labels
15.11
Hazard Identification Signs
15.12
Information Signs
15.13
Instruction Labels
15.14
Graphical Schematics or Diagrams
15.15
Orientation Plans
15.16
Emergency Instructions
16
Material Handling
16.1
Design to Support Manual Material Lifting and Carrying
16.2
Weight Lifting
16.3
Weight Carrying
16.4
Design of Handles and Grasp Areas
16.5
Design of Auxiliary Hoisting and Carrying Devices
16.6
Hand Trucks and Wheeled Dollies
16.7
Crane Design
17
Design for Maintenance
17.1
General Design Requirements
17.2
Maintenance Accessibility
17.3
Maintenance Environments
17.4
Lubrication
17.5
Cases
17.6
Covers
17.7
Fasteners
17.8
Hatches, Manways, Lightening Holes for Maintenance Access
17.9
Diagnostics and Troubleshooting
17.10
Equipment Modularization
17.11
Equipment Mounting and Installation
17.12
Standardization
17.13
Electrical Wires and Cables
17.14
Conductors
17.15
Connectors
17.16
Test Equipment
17.17
Fuses and Circuit Breakers
17.18
Hydraulic Systems
17.19
Stored Energy Devices
17.20
Pipe Flanges, Spools, and Blinds
17.21
Test and Sample Points
18
Hazards and Safety
18.1
Hierarchy of Controls
18.2
Safety Labels, Signs, and Excluded Area Markings
18.3
General Workplace Hazards
18.4
General Equipment-Related Hazards
18.5
Electrical Hazards
18.6
Mechanical Hazards
18.7
Fluid Hazards
18.8
Safety Barriers
18.9
Fall Protection
18.10
Emergency Egress
19
Communications
19.1
Communication System Requirements
19.2
Microphones
19.3
Headsets
19.4
Loudspeakers
19.5
Telephone Systems
20
Keywords
21
Acknowledgement
Appendix X1
Small Boat and High Speed Craft (HSC) Appendix
Appendix X2
Human Factors Engineering (HFE) Design Checklist
Appendix X3
Guidance for the Selection and Testing of Slip Resistant Walking Surfaces
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
Title
1
Control Movement Expectations
2
Foot-Operated Switches Design Requirements
3
Pedal Location and Design Requirements
4
Lateral Spacing for Pedals
5
Design Criteria for Discrete Rotary Controls
6
Separation Requirements for Discrete Rotary Controls
7
Dimension, Resistance, and Separation of Continuous Rotary Controls
8
Proper Mounting of Rapidly Operated Cranks
9
Dimensions, Resistance, and Separations Required for Cranks
10
Design Criteria for Pushbuttons
11
Two Types of Legend Switches (Backlit Pushbuttons)
12
Size, Displacement, and Resistance for Legend Switches
13
Design Requirements for Various Types of Toggle Switches
14
Design Requirements for Rocker Switches
15
Dimensions, Resistance, and Separation for Discrete Slide Switch Controls
16
Dimensions, Resistance, and Separation for Continuous Slide Controls
17
Dimensions, Resistance, and Separation for Levers
18
Dimensions, Resistance, and Separation for Slide Levers
19
Dimensions, Displacement, and Separation of Push-Pull Controls
20
Visual Lines of Sight
21
Primary and Secondary Fields-of-view
22
Design Criteria for Major, Intermediate, and Minor Scale Markings
23
Scale Graduation, Pointer Position, and Scale Numbering Alternatives
24
Scale Number Placement
25
Color and Shape Coding of Ranges on an Analog Display
26
Zero Position and Pointer Movement for Circular Dial Displays
27
Aligned Pointers for Rapid Check Readings
28
Digital Display Design Requirements
29
Grouping Controls and Displays by Common Function
30
Grouping Controls and Displays by Individual Equipment
31
Mirror-Imaged Arrangement of Individual Equipment Control and Display Groupings (Not Recommended)
32
Grouping Controls and Displays by Common Equipment
33
Grouping Controls and Displays by Sequence of Use
34
Grouping with Physical Separation
35
Grouping with Boundary Lines and Borders
36
Grouping with Colored and Shaded Pads
37
Grouping with Sub-panels
38
Position of Individual Controls and Associated Displays for Right-handed Operator
39
Arrangement of Multiple Rows of Controls and Displays
40
Arrangement of Multiple Rows of Displays and a Single Row of Controls
41
Positional Relationship between Alarm, Display, and Control
42
Positional Relationship between Control Pointer and Status Indicator
43
Control and Display Movement Relationship
44
Spatial Relationship Between Controls, Displays, and Equipment
45
Spatial Relationships Between Equipment and Control Panels
46
Spatial Relationships for Redundant Controls and Displays
47
Panel Layout That Replicates Location of Equipment in Remote Space
48
Mimic of Physical Equipment Functional Layout
49
Mimic of Functional Groups Irrespective of Equipment Layout
50
Standing Body Dimensions
51
Seated Body Dimensions
52
Depth and Breadth Dimensions
53
Hand and Foot Dimensions
54
Gloved Hand Dimensions
55
Head Dimensions
56
Changes in Levels up to a Maximum of 6 mm (1/4 in.)
57
Seated Workspace Dimensions
58
Dimensions for a Computer Workstation
59
Dimensions for Single or Multiple Personnel at a Table or Other Duty Station Not Requiring a Desk
60
Seating at CRT-Type Workstations
61
Clearance Behind a Seated Workstation
62
Control Mounting Height for Seated Personnel
63
Display Mounting Height for Seated Personnel
64
Control Mounting Height for Standing Personnel
65
Display Mounting Height for Standing Personnel
66
Control Mounting Height for a Kneeling Person
67
Display Mounting Height for Kneeling Personnel
68
Required Dimensions for a Kneeling Worker
69
Control Mounting Height for Squatting Personnel
70
Display Mounting Heights for Squatting Personnel
71
Required Dimensions for a Squatting Worker
72
Workplace Dimensions for Shelves with Full Access
73
Workplace Dimensions for Shelves Located Above a Cabinet
74
Workplace Dimensions for Shelves Requiring Vision Over the Top
75
Front Clearance Requirement for Lower Shelves
76
Mounting Height of Status Boards
77
Clearance in Front of Filing Cabinets
78
Workbench Dimensions
79
Safe Reach Distances Over an Obstacle or Barrier
80
Mounting Heights for Bulkhead-mounted Equipment in Passageways
81
Mounting Heights for Common Electrical Fixtures
82
Direct Spatial Relationships Between Controls and Equipment
83
Spatial Relationship of Fore and Aft Equipment to Controls and Displays on a Console Located Athwartship
84
Seated Single-operator Console Dimensions
85
Wraparound Seated Console
86
Special Width Console
87
Multi-tiered Standing Console
88
Multi-tiered Seated Console
89
Dimensions for Desktop Standing Console
90
Cargo and Ballast Transfer Consoles
91
Stair Dimensions
92
Straight Run Ramp Dimensions
93
Ramp with Turning Platform
94
Ramp with Switchback Turning Platform
95
Vertical Ladder Dimensions
96
Dimensions for a Vertical Ladder Arrangement
97
Platform/Landing Dimensions for Vertical Ladder Penetration
98
Caged Ladder Dimensions
99
Cage Shape and Size
100
Ladder and Climber Safety Device Dimensions
101
Extended Railing for Ladder Fall Protection (Front View)
102
Extended Railing for Ladder Fall Protection (Side View)
103
Extended Railing and Cage for Ladder Fall Protection (Front View)
104
Extended Railing and Cage for Ladder Fall Protection (Side View)
105
Handles or Hand Grabs for Use as Ladder Extensions
106
Handle for Transition from a Ladder to an Intermediate Platform
107
Recommended Design Criteria for Individual Rung Ladders
108
Dimensions for D-Ring Ladders
109
Fixed Handrail Design
110
Removable Handrail Dimensions
111
Special Handrail Design Dimensions
112
Transition Handrail Dimensions
113
Additional Personnel Movement-related Design Features
114
Dimensions for Rectangular Access Openings Installed in a Vertical Orientation Requiring a Step to Reach the Opening
115
Dimensions for Rectangular, Square, and Round Hatches, Manways, and Lightening Holes
116
Dimensions for Lightening Holes
117
Access to Vertical Escape Hatches
118
Access to Overhead Hatch
119
Access into a Cargo Hold Through a Raised Hatch
120
Door Placement
121
Desirable Upper Limits for Handwheel Torque
122
Mounting Heights for Handwheel Valves With Vertical Stems
123
Mounting Heights for Handwheel Valves With Horizontal Stems
124
Mounting Heights for Handwheel Valves With Angled Stems
125
Mounting Heights for Lever-Operated Valves With Vertical Stems
126
Mounting Heights for Lever-Operated Valves With Horizontal Stems
127
Direction of Travel for Valve Levers Accessible From One Side Only
128
Physical Reach from a Stooping or Squatting Position
129
Mounting Position for Valve Levers and Handwheels Below Standing Surface
130
Orientation and Reach from Ladder Parallel to Valves
131
Orientation and Reach from Ladder Perpendicular to Valves
132
Operating Valves from a Ladder
133
Valve Manifold for Tanks Located Athwartship
134
Valve Manifold for Tanks Located Fore and Aft
135
Valve Manifold for Fill, High-suction, and Low-suction Valves
136
Default Push Button
137
Push Button States
138
Radio Buttons
139
Check Boxes
140
Slider Control
141
Message Window Design
142
Finger-Operated Displacement Joystick Specifications
143
Trackball Dimensions, Resistance, and Clearance
144
Permissible Noise Exposure Limits
145
Large Enclosure Ventilation Requirements
146
Surface Reflectance Values
147
Health Guidance Zones for Limited Exposures
148
Independent Symbols
149
Guidelines for Labels on Consoles and Panels
150
Control and Control Setting Labels
151
Control and Display Group Labels
152
Control Setting Labels for Multiple Controls
153
Equipment Label Format
154
Sensor Label
155
Pipe Marker Labels
156
Pipe Marker Labels with Two Colors
157
Hazard Signal Word Headers
158
Examples of Text and Symbol on Signs
159
Example of Information Sign
160
Handle Dimensions
161
Use of Hand Trucks
162
Use of Dollies
163
Case Orientation
164
Access Opening Covers
165
Example of Alignment Pins
166
Cable Arrangements
167
Suggested Cable Arrangement in a Junction Box
168
Fluid Line Connection Recommendations
169
Areas To Place Items on Bulkhead
170
Safety Barriers
X1.1
Primary and Secondary Fields of View
LIST OF TABLES
Table
Title
1
Recommended Manual Controls
2
Control Movement Expectations
3
Minimum Spacing Between Two Controls
4
Comparison of Displacement and Isometric Controls
5
Typical Status Display and Alarm Color Codes for North American Industry
6
Character Sizes for Digital Displays
7
Functional Evaluation of Types of Audio Signals
8
Guidelines for Color Coding of Visual Alarms
9
General Recommendations for Sound Loudness and Frequency
10
Guidelines for Selecting Audible Alarm Sounds
11
Clothing and Postural Effects
12
International Geographical Regions for Which Anthropometric Data Are Available
13
Standing Height Dimensions—International Population
14
Seated Eye Height Dimensions—International Population
15
Forward Functional Reach Dimensions—International Population
16
Male Anthropometric Data from Four Regions of the World
17
Female Anthropometric Data from Four Regions of the World
18
Weights for American Adult Females and Males
19
Seated Workspace Dimensions
20
Dimensions for a Seated Computer Workstation
21
Maximum Overhead Extended and Gripping Reach
22
Selection of Access Type
23
Stair Dimensions
24
Stair Widths
25
Handrail Arrangements
26
Recommended Ramp Angle Inclinations
27
Walkway and Passageway Dimensions
28
Dimensions for Additional Personnel Movement-related Features
29
Access Opening and Mounting Depth Dimensions for Levers and Handwheels Mounted Below the Standing Surface
30
System Response Time Limits
31
Advantages and Disadvantages of Nonkeyboard Input Devices
32
Keyboard Push-button Characteristics
33
Pointer Shapes and Associated Functions
34
Pointing Device Button Actions
35
Limiting Dimensions for Mouse
36
Maximum Permissible Noise Levels
37
Noise Attenuation from Hearing Protectors
38
Lighting Levels for Ships and Maritime Structures
39
Maximum Brightness Ratios
40
Operational Environment Types
41
Examples of Equipment Labels
42
Pipe Label Format
43
Example Color-Coding Scheme for Vessel/structure Piping
44
Chromaticity Coordinates for Color Coding
45
Message Text Character Heights
46
Design Weight Limits for Lifting
47
Design Weight Limits for Carrying
48
Limiting Factors
49
Seated, Forward Reach (Both Arms)
50
Cross-Legged Seated, Forward Reach (Both Arms)
51
Standing, Forward Reach (Both Arms)
52
Standing, Forward Reach (Preferred Arm)
53
Standing, Lateral Reach (Preferred Arm)
54
Opening Dimensions for Single-hand Access with Tools
55
Opening Dimensions for Single-hand Access without Tools
56
Opening Dimensions for Arm Access without Tools
57
Opening Dimensions for Two-hand Access
58
Thermal Temperature Limits
59
Shock Current Intensities and Their Probable Consequences
60
Minimum Speech Intelligibility Scores
X1.1
Visibility Standards for HSC and Small Boat Application
X1.2
Forward Functional Reach Measurements for North American Population
X2.1
Human Factors Checklist for Design
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.