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1.1 This practice establishes general human engineering design criteria for marine vessels, and systems, subsystems, and equipment contained therein. It provides a useful tool for the designer to incorporate human capabilities into a design.

1.2 The purpose of this practice is to present human engineering design criteria, principles, and practices to achieve mission success through integration of the human into the vessel system, subsystem, and equipment with the goals of effectiveness, simplicity, efficiency, reliability, and safety for operation, training, and maintenance.

1.3 This practice applies to the design of vessels, systems, subsystems, and equipment. Nothing in this practice shall be construed as limiting the selection of hardware, materials, or processes to the specific items described herein. Unless otherwise stated in specific provisions, this practice is applicable to design of vessel systems, subsystems, and equipment for use by both men and women.

1.4 Copies of specifications, standards, drawings, and publications required by contractors in connection with specific procurement functions should be obtained from the procuring activity or as directed by the contracting officer.

1.5 This practice is not intended to be a criterion for limiting use of material already in the field in areas such as lift repetition or temperature exposure time.

1.6 Force Limits--If it is known that an item is to be used by an already established occupational specialty, for which physical qualification requirements for entry into that specialty are also established, any discrepancy between the force criteria of this practice and the physical qualification requirements shall be resolved in favor of the latter. In this event, the least stringent physical qualification requirement of all specialties which may operate, maintain, transport, supply, move, lift, or otherwise manipulate the item, in the manner being considered, is selected as a maximum design force limit.

1.7 Manufacturing Tolerances--When manufacturing tolerances are not perceptible to the user, this practice shall not be construed as preventing the use of components whose dimensions are within a normal manufacturing upper or lower limit tolerance of the dimensions specified herein.

1.8 This practice is divided into the following sections:

TABLE OF CONTENTSSectionTitle1 Scope 2 Referenced Documents 3 Terminology 4 Significance and Use 5 Control/Display Integration 6 Visual Displays, General Information 7 Location and Arrangement of Visual Displays 8 Coding of Visual Displays 9 Transilluminated Displays 10 Scale Indicators 11 Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Displays 12 Large-Screen Displays 13 Other Displays 14 Audio Displays, General Information 15 Audio Warnings 16 Characteristics of Audible Alarms 17 Signal Characteristics in Relation to Operational Conditions and Objectives 18 Verbal Warning Signals 19 Controls for Audio Warning and Caution Devices 20 Speech Transmission Equipment 21 Controls, General Information 22 Arrangement and Grouping of Controls 23 Coding of Controls 24 Rotary Controls 25 Discrete Linear Controls 26 Continuous Adjustment Linear Controls 27 General Requirements for Labeling 28 Label Content 29 Specific Requirements by Label Type 30 Anthropometry 31 Workspace Design Requirements 32 Environment 33 Maintainability 34 Accessibility 35 Cases 36 Lubrication 37 Fasteners 38 Unit Design for Efficient Manual Handling 39 Handwheel Torque40 Equipment Mounting 41 Conductors 42 Connectors 43 Electrical Wires and Cables 44 Test Points 45 Test Equipment 46 Failure Indications and Fuse Requirements 47 Hydraulic Systems 48 Design of Equipment For Remote Handling 49 Small Systems and Equipment 50 Operational and Maintenance Vehicles 51 Hazards and Safety 52 User-Computer Interface 53 Data Display 54 Text/Program Editing 55 Audio Displays, Interface 56 Interactive Control LIST OF FIGURESFigureTitle1 Angle of Incidence 2 Example of Display/Equipment Relationship in Main Propulsion Engine Room with Two Medium Speed Diesel Engines 3 Example of Control/Display/Equipment Relationship in Auxiliary Machinery Space with Two Ship Service Generators 4 Example of Control/Display/Equipment Relationship in Machinery Space with Pump, Motor Controller, and Gage Board Located at Vertical Beam 5 CHT Pump Room with Various Options for Locating the Two Motor Controllers and Their Corresponding Gage Boards Given the Location of the Two Pumps 6 Preferred and Acceptable Alternatives for Multiple Row/Column Display and Control Arrangement 7 Vertical and Horizontal Visual Field 8 Lines of Sight 9 Scale of Markings 10 Scale Graduation, Pointer Position, and Scale Numbering Alternatives11 Fixed-Scale Azimuth Dials 12 Shape and Color Coding Operating Ranges 13 Zero Position and Pointer Movement for Circular Dial Displays14 Aligned Pointers for Rapid Check Readings 15 Relative Position of Scale Marks, Numerals, and Pointers on Circular Dials 16 Relative Position of Scale Marks, Numerals, and Pointers on Arcs and Circular Dials 17 Drum-Type Counter Design 18 Acceptable Alarm Types for Emergency and Primary Alarms 19 Control Motion Expectancy 20 Foot-Operated Switches 21 Pedals 22 Foot-Operated Controls 23 Leg Strength at Various Knee and Thigh Angles 24 Rotary Selector Controls 25 Rotating Knob Separation 26 Keylock Criteria 27 Keylock Switch Criteria 28 Thumbwheel Orientation and Movement 29 Discrete Thumbwheel Control 30 Knobs 31 Recommended Knob Shapes 32 Easily Recognizable Knob Shapes 33 Ganged Knobs 34 Thumbwheel Adjustment Controls 35 Cranks 36 Proper Mounting of Rapidly Operated Cranks 37 Handwheels 38 Recommended Mounting Heights for Valve Handwheels 39 Reaching Limits for Bending, Squatting, or Standing on Ladders40 Pushbutton Switches 41 Toggle Switches 42 Toggle Switch Orientation for "ON" 43 Legend Switch 44 Rocker Switches 45 Slide Switches 46 Push-Pull Controls 47 Lever 48 Slide Levers 49 Isotonic Joysticks 50 Ball Controls 51 Independent Symbols 52 Label Specifications 53 Standing Body Dimensions 54 Seated Body Dimensions 55 Depth and Breadth Dimensions 56 Circumferences and Surface Dimensions 57 Hand and Foot Dimensions 58 Head and Face Dimensions 59 Anthropometric Data for Body Positions Involved in Work Activities60 95th Percentile Gloved-Hand Dimensions (Male) 61 Helmet Dimensions 62 Aircrewman's Helmet (Size Extra Large) 63 Range of Human Motion 64 Mobile Workspace Dimensions 65 Standing Workspace Dimensions-Cabinets and Electrical Equipment Racks 66 Standing Workspace Dimension-CRTs and Table 67 Standing Workspace Dimensions-Consoles and Work Benches68 Standing Workspace for Typical Work Positions 69 Display (Top) and Control (Bottom) Locations for Standing Crew Work Stations 70 Seated Workspace Dimensions 71 Dimensions for Single or Multiple Personnel at a Table or Other Duty Station Not Requiring a Desk 72 Seating at CRT-Type Work Stations 73 Swing-Away Seat for Short-Term Operations 74 Standard Console Dimensions Key 75 Example of One- or Two-Tier Wrap-Around Console 76 Examples of Three-Tier Consoles 77 Example of a Desk Top Console 78 Preferred Viewing Area 79 Seated Optimum Manual Control Space 80 Type of Ladder, Stair, or Ramp to be Used in Relation to Angle of Ascent 81 Stair Dimensions 82 Incline-Ladder Dimensions 83 Vertical-Ladder Dimensions 84 Well-Designed Work Platform 85 Door Dimensions 86 Hatches Mounted Overhead 87 Hatches Mounted on Vertical Walls 88 Hatch Dimensions 89 Walkway and Passageway Dimensions 90 Effective Temperature Scale 91 Windchill Chart 92 Equivalent Chill Temperature 93 Ventilation Requirements 94 Workspace Reflectance Values 95 Permissible Distance Between a Speaker and Listener's for Specified Voice Levels and Ambient Noise Levels 96 Range of Acceptable Reverberation Time 97 Vibration Exposure Criteria for Longitudinal (Upper Figure) and Transverse (Lower Figure) Directions with Respect to Body Axis 98 The 90 % Motion Sickness Protection Limits for Human Exposure to Very Low Frequency Vibration 99 Standing, Lateral Reach (Preferred Arm) 100 Seated, Forward Reach (Both Arms) 101 Crosslegged Seated, Forward Reach (Both Arms) 102 Standing, Forward Reach (Both Arms) 103 Standing, Forward Reach (Preferred Arm) 104 Access Opening Dimensions 105 Minimal Two-Hand and Finger Access 106 Covers and Accesses 107 Covers and Cases 108 Examples of Push-Pull Forces 109 Minimum Handle Dimensions 110 Handwheel Torque111 Methods of Identifying Plugs and Receptacles to Prevent Mismatching 112 Cable Arrangements 113 Suggested Cable Arrangement in Junction Box for Easy Checking 114 Preformed Cables 115 Fluid Line Connector Recommendations 116 Anatomical Limits on Axially Symmetrical Ocular Metal Part 117 Mounting Heights for Common Electrical Fixtures 118 Required Distance Between Hazard and Barrier LIST OF TABLESTableTitle1 Metric Equivalents, Abbreviations, and Prefixes 2 Coding of Simple Indicator Lights 3 Application of Various Types of Mechanical Displays 4 Character Sizes for Mechanical Counters 5 Group Viewing of Optical Projection Displays 6 Range Ring Values 7 Functional Evaluation of Audio Signals 8 Intelligibility Criteria for Voice Communications Systems 9 Control Selection Criteria 10 Recommended Manual Controls 11 Conventional Control Movement Stereotypes 12 Minimum Separation Distances for Controls 13 Advantages and Disadvantages of Various Types of Coding 14 Recommended Control Colors (FED-STD-595) 15 Knob Detentes Placement 16 Keyboards, Inch-pound Units 17 Keyboards, SI Units 18 Limiting Dimensions for Free-Moving X-Y Controller 19 Arm Strength 20 Hand and Thumb-Finger Strength 21 Character Size Versus Luminance 22 Anthropometric Data 23 Range of Human Motion24 Mobile Work Space Dimensions 25 Standing Work Space Dimensions for Work Clearances 26 Seated Work Space Dimensions 27 Standard Console Dimensions 28 Human Performance Effects at Various Effective Temperatures29 Physical and Perceptual Responses to Various Temperatures 30 Temperature and Its Effect on the Comfort of the Extremities31 Human Reaction to Windchill 32 Specific Task Illumination Requirements 33 Recommendations for Display Lighting 34 Low-Frequency and Infrasonic Noise Limits to Prevent Ear Injury35 Sound Exposure to Avoid Deafness 36 Maximum Permissible Sound Pressure Level 37 OSHA Permissible Daily Noise 38 Effects of Noise on Human Performance 39 Effects of High-Level Noise on Human Performance 40 Upper Noise Limits Recommended for Military Facilities 41 Comfort Limits for Noise by Octave Band 42 Noxious Exhaust Products of Engine Fuels 43 Design Weight Limits 44 Static Muscle Strength Data 45 Weight and Dimensions of Portable Test Equipment 46 General Comparison Fuses and Circuit Breakers 47 Recommended Clearances Around Equipment Operator's Station to Accommodate 95th Percentile Male Dressed in Arctic Clothing. Operator Seat in Rear Most Position 48 Temperature Limits 49 Shock Current Intensities and Their Probable Effects 50 Allowable Exposure Limits to Some Toxic Gases 51 System Response Times ^REFERENCE: ^REFDOCID: IEEE/ASTM SI 10^REFDOCTITLE: Standard for Use of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric SystemMilitary Specifications:^REFDOCID: MIL-C-25050,^REFDOCTITLE: Colors, Aeronautical Lights and Lighting Equipment, General Requirements forFederal Standard: ^REFDOCID: FED-STD-595^REFDOCTITLE: ColorMilitary Standards:^REFDOCID: MIL-STD-12,^REFDOCTITLE: Abbreviation for Use on Drawings, Specifications, Standards, and in Technical Documents^REFDOCID: MIL-STD-740, ^REFDOCTITLE: Airborne and Structureborne Noise Measurements and Acceptance Criteria of Shipboard EquipmentMilitary Handbook: ^REFDOCID: DOD-HDBK-743,^REFDOCTITLE: Anthropometry of US Military PersonnelFederal Regulations: ^REFDOCID: 29 CFR 1910, ^REFDOCTITLE: Occupational Safety and Health Standards^REFDOCID: 46 CFR 113.25-9,^REFDOCTITLE: U.S. Coast Guard Regulation ^KEYWORDS: ^INDEX TERMS: ^STATUS: Dn Cn Sn Nn Mn ^APPROVAL: 000510 ^PAGES: 156 ^COMMITTEE: F25 ^SUBCOMMITTEE: 0700 ^BOS: 01.07 ^ORGINFO: ANSI ^ACTION: REAPPROVESTD ^MISCPUB: ^PDESIG: F1166 ^PYEAR: 1995AR1995 ^CLASS: Practice