5.1 In-vitro osteoblast differentiation assays are one approach to screen progenitor stem cells for their capability to become osteoblasts. The extent of calcified deposits or mineralized matrix that form in-vitro may be an indicator of differentiation to a functional osteoblast; however, gene expression of osteogenic genes or proteins is another important measurement to use in conjunction with this assay to determine the presence of an osteoblast.

5.2 This test method provides a technique for staining, imaging, and quantifying the fluorescence intensity and area related to the mineralization in living cell cultures using the non-toxic calcium-chelating dye, xylenol orange. The positively stained area of mineralized deposits in cell cultures is an indirect measure of calcium content. It is important to measure the intensity to assure that the images have not been underexposed or overexposed. Intensity does not correlate directly to calcium content as well as area.

5.3 Xylenol orange enables the monitoring of calcified deposits repeatedly throughout the life of the culture without detriment to the culture. There is no interference on subsequent measurements of mineralized area due to dye accumulation from repeated application (1).³ Calcified deposits that have been previously stained may appear brighter, but this does not impact the area measurement. Calcein dyes may also be used for this purpose (1) but require a different procedure for analysis than xylenol orange (i.e., concentration and filter sets) and are thus not included here. Alizarin Red and Von Kossa are not suitable for use with this procedure on living cultures since there is no documentation supporting their repeated use in living cultures without deleterious effects.

5.4 The test method may be applied to cultures of any cells capable of producing calcified deposits. It may also be used to document the absence of mineral in cultures where the goal is to avoid mineralization.

5.5 During osteoblast differentiation assays, osteogenic supplements are provided to induce or assist with the differentiation process. If osteogenic supplements are used in excess, a calcified deposit may occur in the cell cultures that is not osteoblast-mediated and thus is referred to as dystrophic, pathologic, or artifactual (2). For example, when higher concentrations of beta-glycerophosphate are used in the medium to function as a substrate for the enzyme alkaline phosphatase secreted by the cells, there is a marked increase in free phosphate, which then precipitates with Ca⁺⁺ ions in the media to form calcium phosphate crystals independently of the differentiation status of the progenitor cell. Alkaline phosphatase production is associated with progenitor cell differentiation, and is frequently stimulated by dexamethasone addition to the medium, which enhances the formation of calcified deposits. These kinds of calcified/mineral deposits are thus considered dystrophic, pathologic, or artifactual because they were not initiated by a mature osteoblast. The measurement obtained by using this practice may thus result in a potentially false interpretation of the differentiation status of osteoprogenitor cells if used in isolation without gene or protein expression data (3,4).

5.6 Due to the potential of artifactual calcified deposits during mineralization assays (2-4), gene expression analysis or protein analysis techniques demonstrating the RNA message or the presence of osteocalcin and bone sialoprotein are recommended for use in conjunction with the calcified deposit quantification procedure described here in order to confirm the presence of mature osteoblasts that are in the process of secreting a mineralizing matrix.

5.7 The deposition of a mineralized substance in the culture dish does not confirm that the cells being cultured are capable of forming bone in vivo.

5.8 The pattern of mineralized matrix deposition in the culture dish will vary depending on the number of times the cells have been passaged (i.e., first passage primary cells versus cells that have been passaged several times, including cell lines). First passage primary cells typically form relatively large nodules of osteoprogenitor cells that differentiate and mineralize, while cells that have been passaged many times lead to the formation of diffuse, dispersed mineral throughout the culture dish. This test method is independent of pattern of mineralization and can be used to analyze mineralized matrix in both primary cells and cell lines.

5.9 Since some cells proliferate slower than others and since some of the cell culture surfaces being tested may affect proliferation of the cells, the data can be normalized to total cell number. Since reduced proliferation typically reduces mineralization, normalization to cell number typically does not influence the outcomes. Total DNA content can be determined as an indirect measure of cell number. There are several commercially available kits for this purpose. Since DNA analysis is a destructive, toxic assay, additional cell cultures must be prepared if this assay is used.

1.1 This practice defines a method for the estimation of calcium content at multiple time points in living cell cultures that have been cultured under conditions known to promote mineralization. The practice involves applying a fluorescent calcium chelating dye that binds to the calcium phosphate mineral crystals present in the live cultures followed by image analysis of fluorescence microscopy images of the stained cell cultures. Quantification of the positively stained areas provides a relative measure of the calcium content in the cell culture plate. A precise correlation between the image analysis parameters and calcium content is beyond the scope of this practice.

1.2 Calcium deposition in a secreted matrix is one of several features that characterize bone formation (in vitro and in vivo), and is therefore a parameter that may indicate bone formation and osteoblast function (i.e., osteoblastic differentiation). Calcium deposition may, however, be unrelated to osteoblast differentiation status if extensive cell death occurs in the cell cultures or if high amounts of osteogenic medium components that lead to artifactual calcium-based precipitates are used. Distinguishing between calcium deposition associated with osteoblast-produced mineralized matrix and that from pathological or artifactual deposition requires additional structural and chemical characterization of the mineralized matrix and biological characterization of the cell that is beyond the scope of this practice.

1.3 The parameters obtained by image analysis are expressed in relative fluorescence units or area percentage, e.g., fraction of coverage of the area analyzed.

1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.

1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.