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1.1 This practice provides ergonomic design criteria from a human-machine perspective for the design and construction of maritime vessels and structures and for equipments, systems, and subsystems contained therein, including vendor-purchased hardware and software.

1.1.1 The focus of these design criteria is on the design and evaluation of human-machine interfaces, including the interfaces between humans on the one side and controls and displays, physical environments, structures, consoles, panels and workstations, layout and arrangement of ship spaces, maintenance workplaces, labels and signage, alarms, computer screens, material handling, valves, and other specific equipments on the other.

1.2 The criteria contained within this practice shall be applied to the design and construction of all hardware and software within a ship or maritime structure that the human crew members come in contact in any manner for operation, habitability, and maintenance purposes.

1.3 Unless otherwise stated in specific provisions of a ship or maritime structure design contract or specification, this practice is to be used to design maritime vessels, structures, equipment, systems, and subsystems to fit the full potential user population range of 5th % females to 95th % males.

1.4 This practice is divided into the following sections and subsections:

TABLE OF CONTENTSSection and SubsectionsTitle1Scope2Referenced Documents3Terminology4Significance and Use5Controls5.1Principles of Control Design5.2General Design Guidelines5.3Control Movement5.4Control Spacing5.5Coding of Controls5.6Control Use and Design6Displays6.1Visual Displays6.2Location, Orientation, Lighting, and Arrangement of Displays6.3Display Illumination6.4Display Types6.5Audible Displays7Alarms7.1General Alarm Requirements7.2Visual Alarms7.3Audible Alarms7.4Voice Messages7.5Alarm Initiation Stations7.6Alarm Requirements by IMO8Integration of Controls, Displays, and Alarms8.1Principles of Design8.2Grouping Relationships-Principles of Arrangement8.3Separating Groupings8.4Position Relationships of Displays and Alarms8.5Position Relationships of Controls to Associated Displays and Alarms8.6Control and Display Movement Relationships8.7Spatial Relationship Between Controls, Displays, and Equipment8.8Alternative Approach to Grouping Design8.9Special Requirements for Control and Display Integration on Bridges9Anthropometry9.1General Design Requirements9.2Static Anthropometric Data10Workplace Arrangements10.1Basic Principles of Workplace Design10.2Seated Workstation10.3Standing Workstation10.4Kneeling Workstation10.5Squatting Workstation10.6Shelving10.7Status Boards and File Cabinets10.8Work Benches10.9Vertical Strainers and Filters10.10Reach Limitations at Workstations10.11Safety Eyewash Fountains and Showers10.12Pedestal-Mounted Controls and Displays10.13Hand Cranks and Pumps10.14Bulkhead-Mounted Equipment10.15Equipment Racks, Cabinets, and Individual Equipment Spacing10.16Consoles and Control Panels10.17Bridge Design11Access Aids: Stairs, Handrails, Railings, Vertical Ladders, Ramps, Doors, Lightening Holes, Hatches, Kick-Out Panels, Passageways and Walkways, and Work Platforms)11.1Stairs, Ladders, and Ramps11.2Stairs11.3Ramps11.4Vertical Ladders11.5Vertical Ladders with Safety Cages11.6Vertical Ladders with Positive Fall Protection Devices11.7Special Ladder Requirements11.8Handle/Hand Grab11.9Individual Rung Ladders11.10D-Ring Ladders11.11Handrails11.12Walkways, Passageways, and Alternate Means of Personnel Movement11.13Elevated Work Platforms11.14Hatches, Manways, Lightening Holes, Inspection Ports, and Kick-Out Panels11.15Doors and Arches11.16Permanent Means of Access (PMA)12Valve Placement, Orientation, and Location12.1General Design Requirements12.2Valve Criticality and Location12.3Valve-Mounting Heights and Orientations: Handwheel Operated12.4Valve-Mounting Heights and Orientations: Lever-Operated Valves12.5Alternative Valve Orientations12.6Valve Manifolds13Human-Computer Interface13.1General Design Requirements13.2System Operations13.3Computer Displays13.4Display Content13.5Display Coding13.6Dynamic Displays13.7Display Format13.8Textual Data Displays13.9Graphic Displays13.10Audio Displays13.11Data Entry13.12Interactive Control13.13Graphic Controls13.14Windows13.15Menus13.16Forms13.17Alarms13.18Language13.19Feedback13.20Prompts13.21Defaults13.22Error Management/Data Protection13.23Data Security13.24Help13.25Software13.26Data Transmission/Messaging13.27Input Devices13.28Cursors13.29Printing14Habitability14.1Noise14.2Indoor Climate14.3Lighting14.4Whole-body Vibration and Shock15Labeling15.1Design Criteria of Labels15.2Abbreviations15.3Symbols15.4Component Labels on Consoles and Panels15.5Equipment Identification Labels15.6Electrical System Labels15.7Room, Deck Space, and Void Identification Labels15.8Pipe Marker Labels15.9Safe Working Load Identification Labels15.10Load Weight Identification Labels15.11Hazard Identification Signs15.12Information Signs15.13Instruction Labels15.14Graphical Schematics or Diagrams15.15Orientation Plans15.16Emergency Instructions16Material Handling16.1Design to Support Manual Material Lifting and Carrying16.2Weight Lifting16.3Weight Carrying16.4Design to Push for Manual Material Handling16.5Design of Handles and Grasp Areas16.6Design of Auxiliary Hoisting and Carrying Devices16.7Hand Trucks and Wheeled Dollies16.8Crane Design17Maintenance17.1General Design Requirements17.2Maintenance Accessibility17.3Maintenance Environments17.4Lubrication17.5Cases17.6Covers17.7Fasteners17.8Hatches, Manways, Lightening Holes for Maintenance Access17.9Diagnostics and Troubleshooting17.10Equipment Modularization17.11Equipment Mounting and Installation17.12Standardization17.13Electrical Wires and Cables17.14Conductors17.15Connectors17.16Test Equipment17.17Fuses and Circuit Breakers17.18Hydraulic Systems17.19Stored Energy Devices17.20Pipe Flanges, Spools, and Blinds17.21Test and Sample Points18Hazards and Safety18.1Safety Labels, Signs, and Excluded Area Markings18.2General Workplace Hazards18.3General Equipment-Related Hazards18.4Electrical Hazards18.5Mechanical Hazards18.6Fluid Hazards18.7Safety Barriers18.8Fall Protection18.9Emergency Egress19Communications19.1Communication System Requirements19.2Microphones19.3Headsets19.4Loudspeakers19.5Telephone SystemsAppendix X1Human Factors Engineering (HFE) Design ChecklistLIST OF FIGURESFigureTitle1Control Movement Expectations2Foot-Operated Switches Design Requirements3Pedal Location and Design Requirements4Lateral Spacing for Pedals5Design Criteria for Discrete Rotary Controls6Separation Requirements for Discrete Rotary Controls7Dimension, Resistance, and Separation of Continuous Rotary Controls8Proper Mounting of Rapidly Operated Cranks9Dimensions, Resistance, and Separations Required for Cranks10Design Criteria for Pushbuttons11Two Types of Legend Switches (Backlit Pushbuttons)12Size, Displacement, and Resistance for Legend Switches13Design Requirements for Various Types of Toggle Switches14Design Requirements for Rocker Switches15Dimensions, Resistance, and Separation for Discrete Slide Switch Controls16Dimensions, Resistance, and Separation for Continuous Slide Controls17Dimensions, Resistance, and Separation for Levers18Dimensions, Resistance, and Separation for Slide Levers19Dimensions, Displacement, and Separation of Push-Pull Controls20Visual Lines of Sight21Primary and Secondary Fields-of-View22Design Criteria for Major, Intermediate, and Minor Scale Markings23Scale Graduation, Pointer Position, and Scale Numbering Alternatives24Scale Number Placement25Color and Shape Coding of Ranges on an Analog Display26Zero Position and Pointer Movement for Circular Dial Displays27Aligned Pointers for Rapid Check Readings28Digital Display Design Requirements29Grouping Controls and Displays by Common Function30Grouping Controls and Displays by Individual Equipments31Mirror-Imaged Arrangement of Individual Equipment Control and Display Groupings (Not Recommended)32Grouping Controls and Displays by Common Equipment33Grouping Controls and Displays by Sequence of Use34Grouping with Physical Separation35Grouping with Boundary Lines and Borders36Grouping with Colored and Shaded Pads37Grouping with Sub-panels38Position of Individual Controls and Associated Displays for Right-Handed Operator39Arrangement of Multiple Rows of Controls and Displays40Arrangement of Multiple Rows of Displays and a Single Row of Controls41Positional Relationship between Alarm, Display, and Control42Positional Relationship between Control Pointer and Status Indicator43Control and Display Movement Relationship44Spatial Relationship Between Controls, Displays, and Equipment45Spatial Relationships Between Equipment and Control Panels46Spatial Relationships for Redundant Controls and Displays47Panel Layout That Replicates Location of Equipment in Remote Space48Mimic of Physical Equipment Functional Layout49Mimic of Functional Groups Irrespective of Equipment Layout50Standing Body Dimensions51Seated Body Dimensions52Depth and Breadth Dimensions53Hand and Foot Dimensions54Gloved Hand Dimensions55Seated Workspace Dimensions56Dimensions for a Computer Workstation57Dimensions for Single or Multiple Personnel at a Table or Other Duty Station Not Requiring a Desk58Seating at CRT-Type Workstations59Clearance Behind a Seated Workstation60Control Mounting Height for Seated Personnel61Display Mounting Height for Seated Personnel62Control Mounting Height for Standing Personnel63Display Mounting Height for Standing Personnel64Control Mounting Height for a Kneeling Person65Display Mounting Height for Kneeling Personnel66Required Dimensions for a Kneeling Worker67Control Mounting Height for Squatting Personnel68Display Mounting Heights for Squatting Personnel69Required Dimensions for a Squatting Worker70Workplace Dimensions for Shelves with Full Access71Workplace Dimensions for Shelves Located Above a Cabinet72Workplace Dimensions for Shelves Requiring Vision Over the Top73Front Clearance Requirement for Lower Shelves74Mounting Height of Status Boards75Clearance in Front of Filing Cabinets76Workbench Dimensions77Safe Reach Distances Over an Obstacle or Barrier78Mounting Heights for Bulkhead-Mounted Equipment in Passageways79Mounting Heights for Common Electrical Fixtures80Direct Spatial Relationships Between Controls and Equipment81Spatial Relationship of Fore and Aft Equipment to Controls and Displays on a Console Located Athwartship82Seated Single-Operator Console Dimensions83Wraparound Seated Console84Special Width Console85Multi-Tiered Standing Console86Multi-Tiered Seated Console87Dimensions for Desktop Standing Console88Cargo and Ballast Transfer Consoles89Stair Dimensions90Straight Run Ramp Dimensions91Ramp with Turning Platform92Ramp with Switchback Turning Platform93Vertical Ladder Dimensions94Dimensions for a Vertical Ladder Arrangement95Platform/Landing Dimensions for Vertical Ladder Penetration96Caged Ladder Dimensions97Cage Shape and Size98Ladder and Climber Safety Device Dimensions99Extended Railing for Ladder Fall Protection (Front View)100Extended Railing for Ladder Fall Protection (Side View)101Extended Railing and Cage for Ladder Fall Protection (Front View)102Extended Railing and Cage for Ladder Fall Protection (Side View)103Handles or Hand Grabs for Use as Ladder Extensions104Handle for Transition from a Ladder to an Intermediate Platform105Recommended Design Criteria for Individual Rung Ladders106Dimensions for D-Ring Ladders107Fixed Handrail Design108Removable Handrail Dimensions109Special Handrail Design Dimensions110Transition Handrail Dimensions111Additional Personnel Movement-Related Design Features112Dimensions for Rectangular Access Openings Installed in a Vertical Orientation Requiring a Step to Reach the Opening113Dimensions for Rectangular, Square, and Round Hatches, Manways, and Lightening Holes114Dimensions for Lightening Holes115Access to Vertical Escape Hatches116Access to Overhead Hatch117Access into a Cargo Hold Through a Raised Hatch118Door Placement119Desirable Upper Limits for Handwheel Torque120Mounting Heights for Handwheel Valves With Vertical Stems121Mounting Heights for Handwheel Valves With Horizontal Stems122Mounting Heights for Handwheel Valves With Angled Stems123Mounting Heights for Lever-Operated Valves With Vertical Stems124Mounting Heights for Lever-Operated Valves With Horizontal Stems125Direction of Travel for Valve Levers Accessible From One Side Only126Physical Reach from a Stooping or Squatting Position127Mounting Position for Valve Levers and Handwheels Below Standing Surface128Orientation and Reach from Ladder Parallel to Valves129Orientation and Reach from Ladder Perpendicular to Valves130Operating Valves from a Ladder131Valve Manifold for Tanks Located Athwartship132Valve Manifold for Tanks Located Fore and Aft133Valve Manifold for Fill, High-Suction, and Low-Suction Valves134Default Push Button135Push Button States136Radio Buttons137Check Boxes138Slider Control139Message Window Design140Finger-Operated Displacement Joystick Specifications141Trackball Dimensions, Resistance, and Clearance142Permissible Noise Exposure Limits143Large Enclosure Ventilation Requirements144Surface Reflectance Values145Health Guidance Zones for Limited Exposures146Independent Symbols147Guidelines for Labels on Consoles and Panels148Control and Control Setting Labels149Control and Display Group Labels150Control Setting Labels for Multiple Controls151Equipment Label Format152Sensor Label153Pipe Marker Labels154Pipe Marker Labels with Two Colors155Hazard Signal Word Headers156Examples of Text and Symbol on Signs157Example of Information Sign158Examples of Push-Pull Forces159Handle Dimensions160Use of Hand Trucks161Use of Dollies162Case Orientation163Access Opening Covers164Example of Alignment Pins165Cable Arrangements166Suggested Cable Arrangement in a Junction Box167Fluid Line Connection Recommendations168Areas Not To Place Items on Bulkhead169Safety BarriersLIST OF TABLESTableTitle1Recommended Manual Controls2Control Movement Expectations3Minimum Spacing Between Two Controls4Comparison of Displacement and Isometric Controls5Typical Status Display and Alarm Color Codes for North American Industry6Character Sizes for Digital Displays7Functional Evaluation of Types of Audio Signals8Guidelines for Color Coding of Visual Alarms9General Recommendations for Sound Loudness and Frequency10Guidelines for Selecting Audible Alarm Sounds11Clothing and Postural Effects12International Geographical Regions for Which Anthropometric Data Are Available13Standing Height Dimensions-International Population14Seated Eye Height Dimensions-International Population15Forward Functional Reach Dimensions-International Population16Male Anthropometric Data from Four Regions of the World17Female Anthropometric Data from Four Regions of the World18Weights for American Adult Females and Males19Seated Workspace Dimensions20Dimensions for a Seated Computer Workstation21Maximum Overhead Extended and Gripping Reach22Selection of Access Type23Stair Dimensions24Stair Widths25Handrail Arrangements26Recommended Ramp Angle Inclinations27Walkway and Passageway Dimensions28Dimensions for Additional Personnel Movement-Related Features29Access Opening and Mounting Depth Dimensions for Levers and Handwheels Mounted Below the Standing Surface30System Response Time Limits31Advantages and Disadvantages of Nonkeyboard Input Devices32Keyboard Push-Button Characteristics33Pointer Shapes and Associated Functions34Pointing Device Button Actions35Limiting Dimensions for Mouse36Maximum Permissible Noise Levels37Noise Attenuation from Hearing Protectors38Lighting Levels for Ships and Maritime Structures39Maximum Brightness Ratios40Operational Environment Types41Examples of Equipment Labels42Pipe Label Format43Example Color-Coding Scheme for Vessel/Structure Piping44Chromaticity Coordinates for Color Coding45Message Text Character Heights46Design Weight Limits for Lifting47Design Weight Limits for Carrying48Limiting Factors49Seated, Forward Reach (Both Arms)50Cross-Legged Seated, Forward Reach (Both Arms)51Standing, Forward Reach (Both Arms)52Standing, Forward Reach (Preferred Arm)53Standing, Lateral Reach (Preferred Arm)54Opening Dimensions for Single-Hand Access with Tools55Opening Dimensions for Single-Hand Access without Tools56Opening Dimensions for Arm Access without Tools57Opening Dimensions for Two-Hand Access58Thermal Temperature Limits59Shock Current Intensities and Their Probable Consequences60Minimum Speech Intelligibility ScoresX1.1Human Factors Checklist for Design

1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.